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I. Perspectives on Terrorism by Governments






INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL CORPORATION

Handouts

 

 

Subject – History of terrorism Total credits – 2 hours

Lecture 4 Credits by types of lessons-

Theme of the lecture: Terrorist Environments

Terrorism by the State

lectures – 1 hour

Seminars – 1 hour

Instructor – Taichikova Kuliakhan Tulegenovna Studying year – 4 course

Department – Humanities

Academic year – 2012-2013

Term – winter

 

The objective of the lecture. This lecture exploresthe characteristics of terrorism from above—stateterrorism-—committed by governments and quasi-governmental agenciesand personnel against perceived enemies. State terrorism can be directed externally against foreign adversaries or internally against domestic enemies. Students will explore the various types of state terrorism and acquire an appreciation for thequalities that characterize each state terrorist environment. A state terrorist para­digm will be discussed and cases will be examined to understand what is meant by terrorism as foreign policy and as domestic policy.

  1. Outline of the lecture

1. Perspectives on terrorism by governments

2. Domestic terrorism by the state

3. Terrorism as foreign policy

  1. The brief content of the lecture

I. Perspectives on Terrorism by Governments

Experts and scholars have designed a number of models to describe state terror­ism. These constructs have been developed to identify distinctive patterns of state-sponsored terrorist behavior. Experts agree that several models can be differentiated. For example, one describes state-level participants in a security environment as including the following:

• Sponsors of terrorism, meaning those states that actively promote terrorism and have been formally designated as rogue states or state sponsors under U.S. law

• Enablers of terrorism, or those states that operate in an environment in which " being part of the problem means not just failing to cooperate fully in coun­tering terrorism but also doing some things that help enable it to occur.

• Cooperators in counterterrorism efforts, including unique security envi­ronments in which " cooperation on counter terrorism is often feasible despite significant disagreements on other subjects"

Another model describes the scale of violence as including the following:

• In warfare, the conventional military forces of a state are marshaled against an enemy. The enemy is either a conventional or guerrilla combatant and may be an internal or external adversary. This is a highly organized andcomplicated application.

• In genocide, the state applies its resources toward the elimination of a scapegoat group. The basic characteristic of state-sponsored genocidal violence is that it does not differentiate between enemy combatants and enemy civilians; all members of the scapegoat group are considered enemies. Like warfare, this is often a highly organized and complicated application.

• Assassinations are selective applications of homicidal state violence, which a person or a specified group is designated for elimination. This is lower scale application.

• Torture is used by some states as an instrument of intimidation, interrogation, and humiliation. Like assassinations, it is a selective application state violence directed against a single person or a specified group of people. Although it is often a lower scale application of state violence, many regimes will make widespread use of torture during states of emergency.

Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism: State Patronage and Assistance

Links between regimes and terrorism can range from very clear lines of sponsorship to very murky and indefinable associations. Governments inclined to use terrorism as an instrument of statecraft are often able to control the parameter; their involvement, so that they can sometimes manage how precisely a movement or an incident can be traced back to personnel.

Thus, state sponsorship of terrorism is not always a straightforward process. In fact, it is usually a covert, secret policy that allows states to claim deniability accused of sponsoring terrorism. Because of these veiled parameters, a distinction must be made between state patronage and state assistance.

State Sponsorship: The Patronage Model

State patronage for terrorism refers to active participation in and encouragement of terrorist behavior. Its basic characteristic is that the state, through its agencies and personnel, actively takes part in repression, violence, and terrorism. Thus, start patrons adopt policies that initiate terrorism and other subversive activitity, including directly arming, training, and providing sanctuary for terrorists.


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