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Periodization of pg
The separation and development of PG from PIE took a long period of time. This process can be divided into two main periods.
| I
Early PG
XV/V BC –
- I/ IV AD
| Separation of PG from the West IE (Centum branch) to its
stabilization as a separate system
It possessed a lot of linguistic features typical of PIE:
• the existence of the fixed and movable stress types
• there didn't exist any difference between a stressed and an unstressed syllable
• the three-morphe structure of the word
• the existence of two tense-aspect stems in the system of the verb: the Infect and Perfect stems
| II
Late PG
IV/VII AD –
- XI/ XVI AD
| From stabilization of PG to its dispersal into separate groups of Germanic dialects
It acquired a lot of specific features of its own:
• the dynamic stress fixed on the first root syllable
• the opposition between stressed and unstressed syllables
• the three-morpheme structure of the word developed into the two-morpheme structure
• PG tense forms developed from РШ tense-aspect stems
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It is believed that certain dialectal peculiarities appeared in early PG. They deepened in late PG causing further division of the linguistic language areal.
After the Age of Migrations there developed the territorial dialects from the former tribal Germanic dialects.
The territorial Germanic dialects gave birth to the languages of different Germanic nationalities.
Formation of Old Germanic languages is connected with formation of Germanic tribes and tribal units and their gradual consolidation.
| TABLE 9
THE FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT OR GRIMM'S LAW
IE and Germanic languages are compared
Essence: the type of articulation changes while the place of articulation remains unchanged. As a result there appeared more fricatives in Germanic 1-ges than there were in IE l-ges. The correspondences were grouped under three categories or acts. Each of the acts covered quite a long period of time of 100 years and more
| I
ACT
| IE Germanic voiceless voiceless plosives fricatives
p > f
t > θ
к > h
kw > hw
|
L p ater > E f ather
R т ри > E th ree
R к епка > E h at
L q uod > Gt h a
| II
ACT
| voiced voiceless
plosives plosives
b > p
d > t
g > k
gw> kw
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R б олото > E p ool
R д ва > E t wo
R и г о > E yo k e
Gr q unē > OE cw ene
| IIІ
ACT
| voiced voiced aspirated plosives plosives
bh > b
dh > d
gb > g
gwh > gw
correspond to/
were shifted to/
were reflected as/
developed in
|
Skr bh ratar > E b rother
Skr ma dh u > OE me d u
Skr *gh > Gt gasts, L h ostis
IE seή gwh > Gt sig gw an
| Exceptions:
1 The shifting didn't take place after fricatives:
L s t are - Gt s t andan s + p(≠ f) = p
t(≠ θ) = t
fric [f], [θ ], [h] k(≠ h) = k
2 The second of the consonants didn't undergo shifting:
L o ct o Gt a ht au 1 k> h
12 12 2 t=t
| TABLE 10
VERNER'S LAW. RHOTACISM
Soon another exception to the first act of Grimm's Law was noticed
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