Be, have, do

be as an auxiliary verb

113 Form and use in the formation of tenses A Form

Principal parts: be, was, been Gerund/present participle: being

Present tense:

Alternative negative contractions: you aren't, he isn't etc. Negative interrogative: am I not/aren 't I? are you not/aren 't you? is he not/isn 't he? etc.

Negative interrogative: was I not/wasn't I? were you not/weren't you? was he not/wasn't he? etc.

The forms are the same when be is used as an ordinary verb. Other tenses follow the rules for ordinary verbs. But be is not normally used in the continuous form except in the passive and as shown in 115 B.

B Use to form tenses

be is used in continuous active forms: He is working/will be working etc., and in all passive forms: He was followed/is being followed.

Note that be can be used in the continuous forms in the passive: Active: They are carrying him. Passive: He is being carried.

(For be used in the continuous with adjectives, see 115 B.)

114 be + infinitive

A The be + infinitive construction, e.g. I am to go, is extremely important and can be used in the following ways:

1 To convey orders or instructions:

No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

(no one must leave)

He is to stay here till we return, (he must stay)

This is a rather impersonal way of giving instructions and is chiefly used with the third person. When used with you it often implies that the speaker is passing on instructions issued by someone else. The difference between (a) Stay here, Tom and (b) You are to stay here, Tom is that in (a) the speaker himself is ordering Tom to stay, while in (b) he may be merely conveying to Tom the wishes of another person.

This distinction disappears of course in indirect speech, and the be + infinitive construction is an extremely useful way of expressing indirect commands, particularly when the introductory verb is in the present tense:

He says, 'Wait till I come.' = He says that we are to wait till he comes. or when there is a clause in front of the imperative:

He said, 'If I fall asleep at the wheel wake me up.' = He said that if he fell asleep at the wheel she was to wake him up. It is also used in reporting requests for instructions: 'Where shall I put it, sir? ' he asked = He asked where he was to put it. (See also 318 B.)

2 To convey a plan:

She is to be married next month.

The expedition is to start in a week's time. This construction is very much used in newspapers:

The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow. In headlines the verb be is often omitted to save space:

Prime Minister to make statement tomorrow. Past forms:

He was to go. (present infinitive)

He was to have gone, (perfect infinitive)

The first of these doesn't tell us whether the plan was carried out or not. The second is used for an unfulfilled plan, i.e. one which was not carried out:

The Lord Mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was taken ill last night so the Lady Mayoress is doing it instead.

B was/were + infinitive can express an idea of destiny:

He received a blow on the head. It didn 't worry him at the time but it

was to be very troublesome later, (turned out to be/proved

troublesome)

They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again

(were destined never to meet)

C be about + infinitive expresses the immediate future:

They are about to start. (They are just going to start/They are on

the point of starting.) just can be added to make the future even more immediate:

They are just about to leave. Similarly in the past:

He was just about to dive when he saw the shark. be on the point of + gerund has the same meaning as be about + infinitive, but is a shade more immediate.

be as an ordinary verb

Form: as for be used as an auxiliary (see 113 A).

115 be to denote existence, be + adjective

A be is the verb normally used to denote the existence of, or to give information about, a person or thing:

Tom is a carpenter. The dog is in the garden.

Malta is an island. The roads were rough and narrow.

Gold is a metal. Peter was tall and fair.

B be is used to express physical or mental condition:

/ am hot/cold. He was excited/calm.

They will be happy/unhappy.

With certain adjectives, e.g. quiet/noisy, good/bad, wise/foolish, it is possible to use the continuous form of be, e.g. Tom is being foolish, to imply that the subject is showing this quality at this time. Compare Tom is being foolish, which means Tom is talking or acting foolishly now, with Tom is foolish, which means that Tom always acts or talks foolishly. Similarly, The children are being quiet means they are playing quietly now, but The children are quiet might mean that they usually play quietly.

Other adjectives include:

annoying generous/mean

cautious/rash helpful/unhelpful

clever/stupid irritating

difficult mysterious

economical/extravagant optimistic/pessimistic

formal polite

funny selfish/unselfish

With some of these, e.g. stupid, difficult, funny, polite, the continuous form may imply that the subject is deliberately acting in this way:

You are being stupid may mean You are not trying to understand.

He is being difficult usually means He is raising unnecessary

objections.

He is being funny usually means He is only joking. Don't

believe him.

She is just being polite probably means She is only pretending to

admire your car/clothes/house etc.

C be is used for age:

How old are you? -I'm ten/I am ten years old. (not I'm ten years) How old is the tower? ~ It is 400 years old. (years old must be used when giving the age of things.)

D Size and weight are expressed by be:

How tall are you? /What is your height? ~ I am 1'65 metres. How high are we now? ~ We're about 20, 000 feet. What is your weight? or What do you weigh/How much do you weigh? ~ I am 65 kilos or / weigh 65 kilos.

E be is used for prices:

How much is this melon? or What does this melon cost? ~ It's £ 1. The best seats are (= cost) £ 25.