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Write a short paragraph about a sport you like to play. Explain why you enjoy it.
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Задание №11
Проделайте упражнение 1, 2, 3 и скажите, какие средства логической связи используются в каждом из них.
Connecting ideas
You can improve your writing if you join your ideas logically with a suitable word or phrase.
1. In sentences
Join these clauses by choosing an appropriate word or phrase to fill each gap.
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1 Richard immediately patented his invention_____________ no one could steal his
idea.
2 Take some extra batteries with you______________these run out.
3 Thomas Edison invented the record player ________ the electric light bulb.
4 Millions will die of AIDS in the next decade ___________ a cure is found.
5 The system of drug testing ___________ is carried out on all winning athletes is
not 
100% reliable.
6 There is still no cure for the common cold___________ the advances that have been
made 
in medical science.
7 Most people take their temperature by placing the thermometer under their
tongue_______________in their armpit.
2. Between sentences
Think about the relationship between these pairs of sentences. Then fill each gap with one of these linking words or phrases. Use each one once only.
1 A conventional fridge needs to be defrosted about once every six weeks.
_______________the new frost-free fridges never need defrosting.
2 Smoking does not help people relax, as it commonly thought. __________________ it rises up the heart rate and makes the smoker more tense.
3 Communication satellites were first put into space in1957.____________people
can now watch events around the world as they happen.
4 A microwave oven can cook even frozen food extremely quickly.__________
it saves on electricity.
5 Scientific and technological advances have brought many changes to our
society.
__________ these changes have been positive.
6 
Many parents disapprove of the time their children spend playing games on
Their computers.
__________ a computer can be a valuable teaching aid as well as a toy.
3. Referring words.
Referring words also help to link the text together. There are many kinds, of which the most common are personal pronouns, e. g. he, and demonstratives, e. g. these. Identify the referring words in 1 – 5 and say what they refer to.
1. Since they first appeared in the shops in the Eighties, the sale of camcorders has risen
dramatically.
2. Jane decided to get an answering machine. It was a sensible idea, as she was rarely at home.
3. Researchers argue that testing drugs on animals is necessary. However, many people would disagree with them.
4. If the appliance is under guarantee, the makers should repair it free of charge.
5. Less money is being spent on space exploration. It looks as if this will continue.
| ‘Or’ type In other words To put it another way To be more precise Or rather Alternatively | Transition Now As far as X is concerned With regard to As for… It follows that |
COHERSIVE MARKERS
| 'And’ type in fact also Furthermore Apart from this What is more In addition In the same way Not only…but also As well as Besides | Contrast On the other hand Alternatively In contrast to Equivalence In other words Namely That is to say | Highlighting In particular Especially Mainly Particularly |
| Stating the obvious Obviously It goes without saying Clearly Naturally Of course As one might expect Surely After all | Cause and effect Because Because of this Thus Accordingly Hence In order to So that In that case Under those circumstances As a result For this reason As a consequence | Conclusion So Finally |
| Generalising In general On the whole As a rule For the most part Speaking generally In most cases Usually | ‘But’ type Although However Whereas Yet Nevertheless Despite In spite of On the contrary |
| Example For example For instance As follows: That is to say In this case | Concession However Even through However much… Nevertheless Still Yet | Referring Who Which When Where Whose That |