Главная страница Случайная страница
КАТЕГОРИИ:
АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника
Summarizing.
|
|
Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
1. In microeconomics we study the problem of…
2. In macroeconomics we analyze the overall…
3. State intervention in economic sectors began…
4. Governments have now four basic economic objectives: …
Text organization.
The statements below express the main ideas of the text. Number them so that they are in the same order as the ideas in the text. The first one is given for you:
| Statement | Order | |
| a. | Governments have four basic economic objectives: full employment, price stability, balance-of-payments equilibrium, and economic growth | |
| b. | In macroeconomics we employ the theory of the circular flow of income in order to analyze the overall behaviour of the economy. | |
| c. | In microeconomics we approach the problem of allocating scarce resources with a theory of price determination based upon the interaction of supply and demand. | |
| d. | Each microeconomic unit functions within the context of an entire economy. | |
| e. | State intervention owes its development to the inter-war depression (1921-39). | |
| f. | Governments now intervene in all economic sectors. |
САМОСТОЯЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 7
MANAGEMENT
| Key words and phrases 1. top management – высшее (исполнительное) руководство 2. long – range plans – перспективные планы 3. to make decisions – принимать решение 4. middle management – руководители среднего звена 5. responsible for – ответственный 6. to put plans into action – приводить планы в действие 7. managerial skills – управленческие способности, талант 8. human relations – человеческие отношения 9. to acquire information – получать информацию 10. to set and accomplish goals – ставить и выполнять цели 11. to evaluate performance – оценивать состояние, работу |
Management is tasks. Management is discipline.
But management is also people.”
(Peter Drucker, Austrian-American management guru)
Management is the achievement of organizational objectives through people and other resources. The manager’s job is to combine human and technical resources in the best way possible to achieve these objectives.
There are three levels of management in most organizations. Top management, the highest level of the management pyramid includes the president, executive vice-president, and other key company executives. These people devote their time to developing long-range plans for the company. They make broad decisions such as whether to manufacture new products, to purchase other companies or to begin international operations.
Middle management, the second level of the management pyramid, includes plant managers and division heads. They are responsible for developing detailed plans and procedures to put into action the general plans of top management.
Supervisory management, or first-line management, includes supervisors, foremen, department heads, section leaders who are directly responsible for daily and even hourly performance.
Every manager must possess basic managerial skills: technical skills, human relation skills and conceptual skills.
Technical skills refer to the manager’s ability to understand and use techniques, knowledge and tools of a specific discipline.
Human relations skills involve the manager’s ability to work effectively with and through people. The ability to create a work environment in which employees will contribute their best efforts to achieve objectives is a crucial managerial skill at every level.
Conceptual skills refer to the ability of the manager to see the organization as a whole and to understand how all parts fit together. These skills involve a manager’s ability to “see the big picture” by acquiring, analyzing, and interpreting information.
Managers at every level perform four basic functions: planning, organizing, directing and controlling.
Planning is the process of setting goals for the organization and developing strategies to accomplish them. It includes decisions about the production, marketing, financial strategies and the resources needed to accomplish them.
Organizing involves coordinating the efforts of employees in such a way that the goals of the organization can be accomplished.
Directing is the process of supervising and guiding employees so that plans are completed and the goals accomplished. It involves motivating people to do their best, explaining procedures, issuing orders.
Controlling is the function of evaluating the organization’s performance to determine whether it is accomplishing its objectives. It is closely linked to planning: the basic purpose of controlling is the determination of how successful the planning function has been.
Ø Comprehension:
1. What is management?
2. What does the manager’s job involve?
3. How many levels of management do you know?
4. What functions are performed by top management?
5. What are middle managers responsible for?
6. Name the functions of supervisory management.
7. Characterise four basic functions of management.
Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
1. Management is the achievement of…
2. There are… levels of management in most organizations.
3. Top managers make broad decisions as…
4. Middle management is responsible for…
5. Supervisory management includes…
6. Basic managerial skills are…
8Viewpoint:
Which, in your opinion, is the most important managerial skill?