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Regular and irregular verbs
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This is more a question of vocabulary than of grammar. The only real difference between regular and irregular verbs is that they have different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart.
regular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
- look, looked, looked
- work, worked, worked
irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
- buy, bought, bought
- cut, cut, cut
- do, did, done
Here are lists of regular verbs and irregular verbs.
An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a " helping verb." With auxiliary verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc.
I think I should study harder to master English.
· I am having a cup of coffee.
· You have been practicing hard.
· It was written by a petitioner.
· You may choose what you like.
The verb forms of be, do, and have can be used either as a main (full) verb or an auxiliary verb. The following examples show these verbs used as auxiliary verbs.
1. " Be" as an auxiliary verb
a. Used in progressive sentences:
· I am taking a bath.
· She is preparing dinner for us.
· They have been studying all night.
b. Used in passive sentences:
· I was given a free meal.
· He was seen by fans at the airport.
· This song has been sung by all nations.
2. " Do" as an auxiliary verb
a. Used in negative sentences:
· I do not know the truth.
· She doesn’t agree with me.
· They didn’t arrive here yet.
b. Used in questions:
· Do you want to have another one?
· Did he finish his homework?
· Do we need to keep going straight?
3. " Have" as an auxiliary verb
a. Used in perfect sentences:
· I have been following you for a mile.
· We have done a lot so far.
· She had been queen of the town.
36.Basic syntactical notions. A phrase and a sentence.
1. Syntax is a part of grammar which deals with sentences and combinability of words. The core of syntax is the study of the sentence. Syntax embraces on the one hand the structure of the sentence, that is, its components, their structure and the relations between these components, and on the other hand structural and communicative types of sentences. Taking into account the levels of language we may say that syntax deals with phrasemic (phrases), proposemic (sentences) and superproposemic (text) language levels.
Phrases are combinations of more notional (and auxiliary) words. Like separate words, phrases have a nominative function. But unlike words they have complex nomination: they stress more than one characteristic of a thing, action, quality. In other words, it has a function of polynomination. A peculiar characteristic of word-combination is called predication which shows the relation of the action of state to the surrounding word, its reality or unreality, obligation, time of action and etc. That is why the sentence is called as a predicative unit.
Superproposemic level comprises separate sentences, forming a textual unity. These unuties are also elements of syntax. They are formed by the syntactic process is called cumulation, which is cased on the connection of thoughts in the communicative process. The unit of superproposemic level is called a proposeme or a sinim, its function is to form a textual unity.
Syntax gives the analyses of the sentence, its constituent parts (phrases) and the units which sentences form.
2. Syntactic form of the word is a form which is determined by the combinability of the given word. It demonstrates the connection between syntax and morphology. There are 2 forms of non-objection:
1) nominative
2) objective case
Syntactic meaning is based on the syntactical distributional classification of words are worked out by American linguists (Bloomfild, Friers, Harries). The main syntactic meanings were given by these scholars are those of a noun, verb, adjective and adverb. Words outside this position are considered as function words of different syntactic values.
37The five main parts of a sentence are:
· Subject
· Predicate
· Clause
· Phrase
· Modifier
Subject
In general, the subject refers to the part of the sentence which tells whom or what the sentence is addressing. The subject is going to be either a noun or a noun phrase.
For example, " Kelly walked down the street." Kelly is the subject, because she is the actor, or subject, in the sentence.
There are a few different types of subjects. The underlined word is the subject.
· Simple subject: Kate is a thin girl.
· Full subject: Jeffrey's poem about his mother made the class cry.
· Compound subject: Paul and Tommy joined the soccer team at the same time.
Predicate
Let us return to our example " Kelly walked down the street." In this sentence, " walked" is the predicate because it is the verb that tells us what Kelly is doing. A sentence can have just a subject and a predicate. For example, you could just say " Kelly walked" and you have a complete sentence.
Here are the types of predicates.
· Simple predicate: Harry ate his apple.
· Full predicate: The mouse slowly ran towards the food.
· Compound predicate: She both laughed and cried at the film.
Clause
A clause is usually some sort of additional information to the sentence. We could say " They like ice cream." However, we could also say " They like ice cream on hot days." " They like ice cream" can stand by itself, but " on hot days" adds something extra to the sentence. Therefore, " on hot days" is a clause.
There are two different types of clauses:
· Dependent clauses - " On hot days" is an example of a dependent clause because it could not stand by itself as a sentence.
· Independent clauses - " Paul washed the dishes, but he didn't want to." " He didn't want to" could be a sentence by itself; however, here it is connected to the larger sentence.
Phrase
A phrase is sort of like a dependent clause. It is a group of words that cannot stand alone as a sentence, but it can be used to add something to a sentence. There are a few different types of phrases:
· A noun phrase acts as a noun. For example, " the hungry cat" is a noun phrase.
· An adjective phrase modifies a noun. The child playing hopscotch was happy.
· An adverb phrase begins with a preposition and acts as an adverb. " On a hot day" from earlier is an example.
· A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, its objects, and its modifiers. The house on the corner was old.
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