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Exercise 1. Read the text paying attention to the logic of the flow of paragraphs .






Оne of the features of the twentieth century — and one likely to continue into the twenty-first — has been the significant role of government in developing and implementing a vast range of social policies. Legitimacy for the activities of public officials in implementing those social policies depends on law. Administrative law:

· provides authority for public servants to deliver government policy, whose legitimacy is enshrined in the laws (primary, secondary and tertiary)passed through the Parliamentary system;

· authorizes the raising and expenditure of public funds;

· sets limits to the powers of public officials;

· creates the institutional mechanisms for calling public officials to account;

· provides means for the redress of individual grievances or resolution of complaints by the citizen.

In addition to the functional attributes of administrative law, 'administrative justice' embraces certain values or principles, which should underpin good administration by state officials, and others who deliver services on behalf of the state. These include: openness (or transparency); fairness; rationality (including the reasons for decisions); impartiality (independence) of decision-takers; accountability; the prevention of the exercise of arbitrary power and the control of consistency; participation; efficiency; equity and equal treatment.

These underlying values of administrative justice are not wholly consistent one with another. There may be circumstances in which openness may properly yield to confidentiality; where fairness of process may conflict with the efficient reaching of a decision. Each of these values is to an extent contingent upon the context in which it is asserted. One of the challenges for those who govern, and for those who criticize the role of government, is to achieve an appropriate balance between these conflicting objectives.

It is necessary to reflect on the tensions between the different values in administrative justice in the context of particular administrative activities—for example, the collection of taxes; or the granting of permissions; or the payment of social security benefits. The focus is on the mechanisms of accountability which exist to keep officials in check and provide means of resolving disputes when things go (or are alleged to go) wrong.

1. What are the functional attributes and values or principles of administrative law? Define the content of the principals enlisted above according to the English understanding.

2. Are these principles wholly consistent one with another? Illustrate possible conflicting situations.

3. What are the principals of Russian administrative law? Do Russian and English understanding coincide always?

Exercise 2. Look through the text briefly. How many distinctions between appeal and judicial review does the author single out?


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