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Symbols
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For the purpose of this standard, the following symbols apply.
NOTE The notation used is based on ISO 3898: 1987. Symbols with unique meanings have
been used as far as possible. However, in some instances a symbol may have more than one meaning depending on the context.
Latin upper case letters
Accidental action
Cross sectional area
Cross sectional area of concrete
Area of concrete in tensile zone
Area of a prestressing tendon or tendons
Cross sectional area of reinforcement
minimum cross sectional area of reinforcement
Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement
Diameter of mandrel
Fatigue damage factor
Effect of action
Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete at a stress of 
and at 28 days
Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete
Design value of modulus of elasticity of concrete
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete at a stress of and at time 
Design value of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel
Design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel
Bending stiffness
Static equilibrium
Action
Design value of an action
Characteristic value of an action
Characteristic permanent action
Second moment of area of concrete section
Creep function
Factor for cracking and creep effects
Factor for reinforcement contribution
Length
Bending moment
Design value of the applied internal bending moment
Cracking bending moment
Axial force or number of cyclic loads in fatigue
Design value of the applied axial force (tension or compression)
Prestressing force
Initial force at the active end of the tendon immediately after stressing
Characteristic variable action
t Characteristic fatigue load
Resistance or relaxation function
Internal forces and moments
First moment of area
Serviceability limit state
Torsional moment
Design value of the applied torsional moment
Ultimate limit state
Shear force
Design value of the applied shear force
Volume of traffic
Advisory limit on percentage of coupled tendons at a section
Latin lower case letters
Distance
Geometrical data
Deviation for geometrical data
Overall width of a cross-section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam
Width of the web on T, I or L beams
Minimum cover
Diameter; Depth
Effective depth of a cross-section
Largest nominal maximum aggregate size
Eccentricity
Frequency
Compressive strength of concrete
Design value of concrete compressive strength
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
Tensile strength prior to cracking in biaxial state of stress
Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
Appropriate tensile strength for evaluation of cracking bending moment
Tensile strength of prestressing steel
Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel
%proof-stress of prestressing steel
Characteristic 0, 1 % proof-stress of prestressing steel
Characteristic 0, 2 % proof-stress of reinforcement
Tensile strength of reinforcement
Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement
Yield strength of reinforcement
Design yield strength of reinforcement
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
Design yield of shear reinforcement
Height
Overall depth of a cross-section
Radius of gyration
Coefficient; Factor
Length, span or height
Mass or slab components
Plate components
Maximum value of combination reached in non linear analysis
Radius or correcting factor for prestress
Curvature at a particular section
Spacing between cracks
Thickness
Time being considered
The age of concrete at the time of loading
Perimeter of concrete cross-section, having area Ас
Component of the displacement of a point
Component of the displacement of a point or transverse shear
Component of the displacement of a point or crack width
Neutral axis depth
Coordinates
Neutral axis depth at ULS after redistribution
Lever arm of internal forces
Greek upper case letters
Dynamic factor according to EN 1991-2
Greek lower case letters
Angle; Ratio; Long term effects coefficient or ratio between principal stresses
ratio
Reduction factor for 
Angle; Ratio; Coefficient
Partial factor
Partial factor for accidental actions
Partial factor for concrete
Partial factor for actions,
Partial factor for fatigue actions
Partial factor for fatigue of concrete
Overall factor
Partial factor for permanent actions, 
Partial factor for a material property, taking account of uncertainties in the material property itself, in geometric deviation and in the design model used
Partial factor for actions associated with prestressing,
Partial factor for variable actions, 
Partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel
Partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel under fatigue loading
Partial factor for actions without taking account of model uncertainties
Partial factor for permanent actions without taking account of model uncertainties
Partial factors for a material property, taking account only of uncertainties in the material property
Increment/redistribution ratio
Creep redistribution function or bond strength ratio
Reduction factor/distribution coefficient
Compressive strain in the concrete
Autogeneous shrinkage
Creep strain
Desiccation shrinkage
Compressive strain in the concrete at the peak stress fc
Ultimate compressive strain in the concrete
Strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at maximum load
Characteristic strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at maximum load
Angle
Inclination for geometric imperfections
Slenderness ratio or damage equivalent factors in fatigue
Coefficient of friction between the tendons and their ducts
Poisson's ratio
Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
Oven-dry density of concrete in kg/m3
Value of relaxation loss (in %), at 1 000 hours after tensioning and at a mean temperature of 20 оC
Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
Reinforcement ratio for shear reinforcement
Compressive stress in the concrete
Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load or prestressing
Compressive stress in the concrete at the ultimate compressive strain
Torsional shear stress
Ø Diameter of a reinforcing bar or of a prestressing duct
Ø nEquivalent diameter of a bundle of reinforcing bars
Creep coefficient, defining creep between times and , related to elastic deformation at 28 days
Damage equivalent impact factor in fatigue
Final value of creep coefficient
Factors defining representative values of variable actions:
for combination values
for frequent values
for quasi-permanent values
Ageing coefficient
| 3.1.1 (1)P | 3.1.8 (1) | 3.3.1 (1)P | 3.3.4 (5) |
| 3.1.1 (2) | 3.1.9 (1) | 3.3.1 (2)P | 3.3.5 (1)P |
| 3.1.2 (1)P | 3.1.9 (2) | 3.3.1 (3) | 3.3.5 (2)P |
| 3.1.2 (3) | 3.2.1 (1)P | 3.3.1 (4) | 3.3.6 (1)P |
| 3.1.2 (4) | 3.2.1 (2)P | 3.3.1 (5)P | 3.3.6 (2) |
| 3.1.2 (5) | 3.2.1 (3)P | 3.3.1 (6) | 3.3.6 (3) |
| 3.1.2 (6) | 3.2.1 (4)P | 3.3.1 (7)P | 3.3.6 (4) |
| 3.1.2 (7)P | 3.2.1 (5) | 3.3.1 (8)P | 3.3.6 (5) |
| 3.1.2 (8) | 3.2.2 (1)P | 3.3.1 (9)P | 3.3.6 (6) |
| 3.1.2 (9) | 3.2.2 (2)P | 3.3.1 (10)P | 3.3.6 (7) |
| 3.1.3 (1) | 3.2.2 (3)P | 3.3.1 (11)P | 3.3.7 (1)P |
| 3.1.3 (2) | 3.2.2 (4)P | 3.3.2 (1)P | 3.3.7 (2)P |
| 3.1.3 (3) | 3.2.2 (5) | 3.3.2 (2)P | 3.4.1.1 (1)P |
| 3.1.3 (4) | 3.2.2 (6)P | 3.3.2 (3)P | 3.4.1.1 (2)P |
| 3.1.3 (5) | 3.2.3 (1)P | 3.3.2 (4)P | 3.4.1.1 (3)P |
| 3.1.4 (1)P | 3.2.4 (2) | 3.3.2 (5) | 3.4.1.2.1 (1)P |
| 3.1.4 (2) | 3.2.5 (1)P | 3.3.2 (6) | 3.4.1.2.1 (2) |
| 3.1.4 (3) | 3.2.5 (2)P | 3.3.2 (7) | 3.4.1.2.2 (1)P |
| 3.1.4 (4) | 3.2.5 (3)P | 3.3.2 (8) | 3.4.2.1 (1)P |
| 3.1.4 (5) | 3.2.5 (4) | 3.3.2 (9) | 3.4.2.1 (2)P |
| 3.1.4 (6) | 3.2.6 (1)P | 3.3.3 (1)P | 3.4.2.1 (3) |
| 3.1.5 (1) | 3.2.7 (1) | 3.3.4 (1)P | 3.4.2.2 (1) |
| 3.1.7 (1) | 3.2.7 (2) | 3.3.4 (2) | |
| 3.1.7 (2) | 3.2.7 (3) | 3.3.4 (3) | |
| 3.1.7 (3) | 3.2.7 (4) | 3.3.4 (4) |
| 3.1.1 (1)P | 3.1.8 (1) | 3.3.1 (1)P | 3.3.4 (5) |
| 3.1.1 (2) | 3.1.9 (1) | 3.3.1 (2)P | 3.3.5 (1)P |
| 3.1.2 (1)P | 3.1.9 (2) | 3.3.1 (3) | 3.3.5 (2)P |
| 3.1.2 (3) | 3.2.1 (1)P | 3.3.1 (4) | 3.3.6 (1)P |
| 3.1.2 (4) | 3.2.1 (2)P | 3.3.1 (5)P | 3.3.6 (2) |
| 3.1.2 (5) | 3.2.1 (3)P | 3.3.1 (6) | 3.3.6 (3) |
| 3.1.2 (6) | 3.2.1 (4)P | 3.3.1 (7)P | 3.3.6 (4) |
| 3.1.2 (7)P | 3.2.1 (5) | 3.3.1 (8)P | 3.3.6 (5) |
| 3.1.2 (8) | 3.2.2 (1)P | 3.3.1 (9)P | 3.3.6 (6) |
| 3.1.2 (9) | 3.2.2 (2)P | 3.3.1 (10)P | 3.3.6 (7) |
| 3.1.3 (1) | 3.2.2 (3)P | 3.3.1 (11)P | 3.3.7 (1)P |
| 3.1.3 (2) | 3.2.2 (4)P | 3.3.2 (1)P | 3.3.7 (2)P |
| 3.1.3 (3) | 3.2.2 (5) | 3.3.2 (2)P | 3.4.1.1 (1)P |
| 3.1.3 (4) | 3.2.2 (6)P | 3.3.2 (3)P | 3.4.1.1 (2)P |
| 3.1.3 (5) | 3.2.3 (1)P | 3.3.2 (4)P | 3.4.1.1 (3)P |
| 3.1.4 (1)P | 3.2.4 (2) | 3.3.2 (5) | 3.4.1.2.1 (1)P |
| 3.1.4 (2) | 3.2.5 (1)P | 3.3.2 (6) | 3.4.1.2.1 (2) |
| 3.1.4 (3) | 3.2.5 (2)P | 3.3.2 (7) | 3.4.1.2.2 (1)P |
| 3.1.4 (4) | 3.2.5 (3)P | 3.3.2 (8) | 3.4.2.1 (1)P |
| 3.1.4 (5) | 3.2.5 (4) | 3.3.2 (9) | 3.4.2.1 (2)P |
| 3.1.4 (6) | 3.2.6 (1)P | 3.3.3 (1)P | 3.4.2.1 (3) |
| 3.1.5 (1) | 3.2.7 (1) | 3.3.4 (1)P | 3.4.2.2 (1) |
| 3.1.7 (1) | 3.2.7 (2) | 3.3.4 (2) | |
| 3.1.7 (2) | 3.2.7 (3) | 3.3.4 (3) | |
| 3.1.7 (3) | 3.2.7 (4) | 3.3.4 (4) |
, визначуваною на 28-й день, з мінімальним 
і максимальним 
значеннями.
ПРИМІТКА Значення і для використання в конкретній країні наводяться в національному додатку. Рекомендовані значення- 
і 
відповідно.
determined at 28 days with a minimum value of and a maximum value of .
NOTE The values of and for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended values are and respectively.
(3.15)
частковий коефіцієнт безпеки для бетону, див. 2.4.2.4.
коефіцієнт, що враховує довгострокові дії, що впливають на міцність на стиснення, а також несприятливі дії, пов'язані із способом прикладання навантаження.
ПРИМІТКА Значення для використання в конкретній країні повинне становити від 0, 80 до 1, 00. Воно наводиться в національному додатку. Значення, що рекомендується 
.
(102)P Розрахункова міцність на розтягування 
визначається за формулою:
де:
частковий коефіцієнт безпеки для бетону, див. 2.4.2.4.
коефіцієнт, він враховує довгострокові дії, що впливають на міцність на розтягування, а також несприятливі дії, пов'язані із способом прикладання навантаження.
ПРИМІТКА Значення 
для використання в конкретній країні повинне становити від 0, 80 до 1, 00. Воно наводиться в національному додатку. Значення, що рекомендується 
is the partial safety factor for concrete, see 2.4.2.4.
is the coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavourable effects resulting from the way the load is applied.
NOTE The value of for use in a Country should lie between 0, 80 and 1, 00 and may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value of is 0, 85.
(102)P The value of the design tensile strength, , is defined as:
where:
is the partial safety factor for concrete, see 2.4.2.4.
is a coefficient taking account of long term effects on the tensile strength and of unfavourable effects, resulting from the way the load is applied.
NOTE The value of for use in a Country should lie between 0, 80 and 1, 00 and may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value of is 1, 0.
і відносним подовженням при максимальному зусиллі 
ПРИМІТКА Класи арматури, що підлягають використанню на будівництві мостів в конкретній країні, наводяться в національному додатку. Класи, що рекомендуються, - B і С.
and the elongation at maximum force, .
NOTE The classes of reinforcement to be used in bridges in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended classes are Class B and Class C.
| 4.1 (1)P | 4.2 (3) | 4.4.1.2 (4) | 4.4.1.2 (13) |
| 4.1 (2)P | 4.3 (1)P | 4.4.1.2 (5) | 4.4.1.3 (1)P |
| 4.1 (3)P | 4.3 (2)P | 4.4.1.2 (6) | 4.4.1.3 (2) |
| 4.1 (4) | 4.4.1.1 (1)P | 4.4.1.2 (7) | 4.4.1.3 (3) |
| 4.1 (5) | 4.4.1.1 (2)P | 4.4.1.2 (8) | 4.4.1.3 (4). |
| 4.1 (6) | 4.4.1.2 (1)P | 4.4.1.2 (10) | |
| 4.1 (1)P | 4.4.1.2 (2)P | 4.4.1.2 (11) | |
| 4.2 (2) | 4.4.1.2 (3) | 4.4.1.2 (12) |