The simple sentence. The model of the parts of the sentence

something about secondary and primary parts of the sentence. As for the model Haimovich and Rogovskai point out complementary, attributive, parenthesis, specifiers…..

хз короче

# 49 The Subject

The subject is the independent member of a two-member predication, containing the person component of predicativity. Both members of the predication he sleeps contain the meaning of 'person'. But in sleeps this meaning depends on that of he and is due to grammatical combinability. This accounts for the fact that sleeps cannot make a sentence alone, though it contains all the components of predicativity. Sleeps likewise depends on lie as far as the meaning of 'number' is concerned. The meanings of 'person' and 'number' in it are lexico-grammatical and independent.

The subject is generally defined as a word or a group of words denoting the thing we speak about. This traditional definition is logical rather than grammatical. In the sentence: This pretty girl is my sister's friend the definition can be applied to the whole group This pretty girl, to say nothing of the fact that " the thing we speak about" is so vague that it practically covers any part of the sentence expressing substantivity. As a word it can belong to different parts of speech, buf it is mostly a noun or a pro-noun.

Nothing endures but personal qualities. (Whitman). To see is to believe.

A word used as a subject combines the lexical meaning with the structural meaning of 'person'. So it is at the same time the structural and the notional subject.

The syntactical word-morphemes there and it (see § 391) are only structural subjects because as word-morphemes they have no lexical meaning. But they are usually correlated with some words or complexes in the sentence which are regarded as notional subjects. In such-cases it and there are also called anticipatory or introductory subjects.

In There is somebody in the room the notional subject is somebody. In It requires no small talents to be a bore (Scott) the notional subject is to be a bore. In It is raining there is no notional subject and it is not anticipatory. In It 'is necessary for him to come the notional subject is the complex for him to come. But a complex may also be used as the only subject.

E. g. For him to come would be fatal.

The analysis of sentences like He was seen to enter the house, is a point at issue. Traditionally the infinitive is said to form part of the 'complex subject' (He...to enter).. B. A. Ilyish l maintains that though satisfactory from the logical point of view, this interpretation seems to be artificial grammatically, this splitting of the subject being alien to English. Accordingly B. A. Ilyish suggests that only he should be treated as the subject of the sentence, whereas was seen to enter represents a peculiar type of compound predicate.

Some authors as, for example, A. Smirnitsky 2 M. Ganshina and N. Vasilevskaya 3 speak of definite-personal, indefinite-personal and impersonal sentences in Modern English. We see no syntactical ground whatever for this classifi* cation since definite-personal, indefinite-personal, etc. sentences have no structural peculiarities typical of these classes. It is a semantical classification of subjects, not sentences.

If we compare the subject in English with that of Russian we shall find a considerable difference between them.

1. In Modern Russian the subject is as a rule characterized by a distinct morphological feature — the nominative case, whereas in English it is for the most part (unless it is expressed by a personal pronoun or the pronoun who in the nominative case) indicated by the position it occupies in the sentence.

2. In Modern Russian the subject is much less obligatory as a part of the sentence than in English. One-member sentences are numerous and of various types, among them sentences like Приду. Пишет. In English a finite verb (barringthe 'imperative mood' finites) does not, as a rule, make asentence without a subject.

3. In English the subject may be a syntactical word-morphenje, a gerund or a complex, which is, naturally, alien to Russian.

# 50 The PREDICATE

The predicate is the member of a predication containing the mood and tense (or only mood) components of

predicativity. The predicate can be a word or a syntactical word-morpheme. When it is a notional word, it is not only the structural but the notional predicate as well. When the predicate is a semi-notional verb or a syntactical word-morpheme, it is only a structural predicate and is usually connected with a notional word which makes the notional predicate.

As we have seen, predicates may be divided morphologically into words and word-morphemes, and semantically into notional, semi-n^ional and lexically empty (structural).

What is traditionally called a predicate is really the combination of the structural and the notional predicate. If we had a name for the combination, that would enable us to make the traditional analysis. Let us then call the combination a communicative predicate. We may say then that communicative predicates are in accordance with their structure divided into 'simple' (consisting of one word) and 'compound' (of more than one word). According to their morphological composition they are divided into 'verbal' (must see, is to believe) and 'nominal' (is a sudent, became angry). As we see, the latter division depends on the complements as well as the division into process and qualifying predicates, which will be discussed in the corresponding chapter. When comparing the predicates in English and in Russian, we must first of all note the absence of syntactical word-morphemes used as predicates and the scarcity of morphological word-morphemes in Russian. So the division into structural and notional (parts of) predicates is not so essential in Russian as it is in English.

Secondly, there are many more sentences without finite verbs in Russian than in English. Он студент. Она больна. Ему холодно. Кому ехать?

Thirdly, a Russian predication contains a predicate without a subject much more often than in English

# 51. The ATTRIBUTE.

Attributes are secondary parts of the sentence serving to modify nouns or noun-equivalents in whatever functions they are used in the sentence.

In simple sentences attributes can be words or groups of words, including complexes. Diverse classes of words are used as attributes: adjectives, nouns, pronouns, articles, numerals, verbids, some adverbs.

. In English the attribute and the head-noun are united structurally. Semantically attributes may express various shades of relations with the nouns they modify. They may be qualitative (deep sea), quantitative (many children), circumstantial (the house on t h e h i I I), etc. Here we shall dwell only on three peculiar semantical groups: the subjective, objective and appositive attributes.

A variety of the attribute is the so-called 'apposition' ('appositive' attribute). It is mostly a noun placed by the side of another noun (or noun-equivalent) to characterize the person, thing or idea the head-noun denotes by indicating the class or group to which this person (thing or idea) belongs. The most typical formal signs of the English attribute (and appositions are but a variety of attributes) are its place before the head-noun (cf. a kin d aunt), or its left-hand connections with a preposition (cf. the arrival of Mary). Within the subclass of prepositionless appositions (appositive attributes) we distinguish those which are associated with the syntactical word-morphemes it and there, and represent the notional subject.

It is stimulating to do something real. (Aldington).

The peculiarity of this apposition is that it carries the whole lexical weight of the combination it... to do.

There exists no hard and fast demarcation line between appositive attributes and all other attributes. In this connection we may compare two similar word-combinations, child psychology and woman doctor. In the latter, woman may be regarded as an apposition to doctor; in the former, child is not an apposition to psychology.