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IELTS 4000 Academic Word List






abandon: lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm

abandonment: giving up completely; freedom from constraint

abbreviation: shortening something by omitting parts of it

abeyance: suspended action; temporary cessation or suspension

abide: endure; put up with; bear; tolerate

ability: capacity; skill

abnormal: unusual; not typical; not normal

aboard: on a ship, train, plane or other vehicle; in or into a group, organization, or business

abolish: cancel; put an end to; destroy completely

abolition: ending; act of abolishing; act of doing away with

abortion: termination of pregnancy; failure of a plan

abortive: unsuccessful; failing to accomplish an intended objective; fruitless

abridge: condense; shorten; reduce length of written text

abrogate: abolish, do away with, or annul, especially by authority

abrupt: broken off; very steep; having sudden transitions from one subject to another

absence: state of being absent; state of being away

absent: go away or leave; missing; not present

absolute: perfect in quality or nature; complete; totally unlimited; certain

absolutely: utterly; definitely

absorb: assimilate or incorporate; suck or drink up; occupy full attention

absorption: process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion; state of mental concentration

abstract: theoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understand

absurd: preposterous; ridiculously incongruous or unreasonable; foolish

absurdity: quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment; logical contradiction

abundance: great or plentiful amount; fullness to overflowing

abundant: plentiful; possessing riches or resources

abuse: improper use or handling; misuse

academic: related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to scholarly organization; based on formal education

academy: school for special instruction; society of scholars, scientists, or artists

accede: agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede

accelerate: move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected

acceleration: faster rate of improvement; rate of change of velocity with respect to time

access: approach; entry; entrance

accessible: easily approached or entered; obtainable; easy to talk to or get along with

accessory: additional object; useful but not essential thing; subordinate or supplementary item

accident: event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; sudden, and unexpected event

accidental: unexpected; unforeseen

accidentally: inadvertently; by chance; casually; fortuitously; not essentially or intrinsically

accommodate: do a favor or service for; provide for; supply with; make suitable; adapt; allow for

accommodation: living quarters provided for public convenience

accompaniment: act of accompanying someone or something

accompany: travel with; be associated with

accomplish: succeed in doing; bring to pass; achieve; reach the end of; complete

accomplishment: achievement; fulfillment

accord: settlement or compromise of conflicting opinions; written agreement between two states

account: narrative or record of events; reason given for a particular action or event

accountant: one who maintains and audits business accounts

accounting: system that provides quantitative information about finances

accrue: increase, accumulate, or come about as a result of growth; accumulate over time

accumulate: pile up; collect; mount up; increase

accumulation: increase by natural growth or addition; concentration

accuracy: quality of nearness to the truth or the true value

accurate: capable of providing a correct reading or measurement; performing with care and precision

accusation: indictment; charge of wrongdoing that is made against a person or other party

accuse: blame; condemn

achieve: gain with effort; accomplish; fulfill

achievement: feat; accomplishment; award for completing a particular task or meeting an objective

acid: sour; water-soluble compounds having a sour taste; quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful

acknowledge: declare to be true or admit; express obligation, thanks

acquaint: inform about; cause to come to know personally; make familiar

acquaintance: personal knowledge or information about someone or something

acquainted: known by or familiar with another; informed or familiar

acquire: gain through experience or effort; gain possession of; locate with tracking system

acquisition: act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something

across: from side to side; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length

activate: make active or more active; stimulate; make radioactive

actively: energetically; vigorously; in an active manner; voluntarily, not passively

actual: true; real; being, existing, or acting at the present moment; current

actually: truly; really; in fact

acute: quickly perceptive; keen; having a sharp point or tip; extremely sharp or severe

adapt: make fit for; change to suit a new purpose

adaptation: modification; alteration or adjustment in structure or habits

additional: further; extra; supplemental or added to

additive: addition; supplement

address: make a formal speech to; deal with or discuss; direct efforts or attention of

adequate: sufficient; enough to meet a purpose

adhere: stick fast; stick to firmly; be compatible or in accordance with

adhesive: glue; paste; substance that unites or bonds surfaces together

adjacent: adjoining; neighboring; close to; lying near

adjoin: be next to; be contiguous to; border on

adjust: adapt; regulate

adjustment: making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances

administer: govern; supervise; give or apply medications

administration: management; supervision; people who are in charge for management; activity of government for powers and duties

administrative: of or relating to or responsible for administration

admiration: favorable judgment; feeling of pleasure, wonder, and approval

admire: regard with wonder or astonishment; view with surprise; marvel at

admission: act or practice of admitting; power or permission to enter

admit: permit to enter; receive; provide the right or a means of entrance to

admittedly: doubtlessly; in an acknowledged manner; confessedly

adolescence: state of growing up from childhood to manhood or womanhood; transitional period between youth and maturity

adolescent: a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity;

adopt: accept; take on; raise; take into one's family

adoption: act of accepting with approval

adore: worship with profound reverence; pay divine honors to; regard with the utmost esteem and affection

adorn: enhance or decorate with or as if with ornaments

adornment: embellishment; decoration; something that beautifies or adorns; ornament

adult: one who has attained maturity or legal age; fully grown

advance: proceed; move forward; improve; moving forward

advanced: improved; highly developed or complex; ahead of the times; progressive

adventure: something happens without design; chance; hazard; risk; danger

adventurous: valiant; venturesome; inclined or willing to incur hazard or engage in adventures

adversary: opponent in contest; someone who offers opposition

adverse: in opposing direction; harmful or unfavorable; acting or serving to oppose

adversity: state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune

advertise: give notice to; inform or apprise; make known; give public notice of

advisable: proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent; ready to receive advice

advocate: speak, plead, or argue in favour of; plead for; push for something

aerial: of the air or atmosphere; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air

affect: have an emotional or cognitive impact upon

affection: fondness; tender feeling toward another; fondness

affectionate: having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; kindly inclined; zealous

affiliate: associate; incorporate

affirm: assert; confirm

affirmation: positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath

affirmative: confirmative; ratifying; giving assent or approval; confirming

afford: pay; provide; have the financial means for; bear the cost of

affordable: able to pay for

agency: a business that serves other businesses; an administrative unit of government

agent: one that acts on behalf of other persons or organizations

aggravate: worsen; make worse or more troublesome

aggregate: gather into a mass, sum, or whole; amount to

aggregation: several things grouped together or considered as a whole

aggressive: making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly

aggressor: one that engages in aggression; person who first attacks

agitate: cause to move with violence or sudden force; upset; disturb

agitation: anxiety; extreme emotional disturbance

agony: extreme pain of mind or body; anguish; last struggle of life; death struggle

agreeable: ready to consent or submit; acceptable

agreement: state of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character

agriculture: practice of cultivating the land or raising stock

aid: person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; helper; assistant

ailment: sickness; illness; affliction

aim: point or direct towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it

air: be broadcast on television or radio

aircraft: vehicle that can fly, such as an airplane, helicopter, balloon

aisle: passageway between rows of seats, as in an auditorium or an airplane; wing of a building

ajar: half-open; slightly turned or opened

alarm: any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger

album: a list of names; a register for visitors; a blank book, in which to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing of friends, photographs

alert: warning serves; alarm; condition of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action

alien: dissimilar, inconsistent, or opposed in nature; very different place, society, or person

alienate: cause to become unfriendly or hostile; transfer property or ownership; isolate or dissociate emotionally

alignment: arrangement; association; alliance

alike: similar; in the same manner or to the same degree

allergic: excessively sensitive; susceptible; having an allergy

allergy: hyper sensitivity reaction; abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances

alliance: state of being allied; act of allying or uniting; a union or connection of interests between families, states, parties

allocate: assign; distribute according to plan

allot: parcel out in parts or portions; distribute to each individual concerned; assign as a share or lot

allowance: approval; act of allowing, granting, or admitting

alloy: combine; mix; make less pure; lessen or moderate

ally: confederate; partner; collaborator

alone: solitary; by oneself

along: by the length; in a line with the length; onward; forward; in company; together

alongside: along or by the side; side by side with

alter: modify; cause to change; make different; convert

alternate: happening or following in turns; succeeding each other continuously; substitute

alternation: successive change from one thing or state to another and back again

alternative: one of two or more things, ideas or courses of action that may be used; option; choice

altitude: elevation especially above sea level; height

aluminum: silvery ductile metallic element

amateur: nonprofessional; lacking the skill of a professional, as in an art

amaze: astonish; affect with wonder

amazement: wonder; state of extreme surprise or wonder; astonishment

ambassador: authorized messenger or representative

ambiguity: state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or uncertainty

ambiguous: unclear or doubtful in meaning

ambition: aspiration

ambitious: aspiring; having a strong desire for success or achievement

ambulance: field hospital organized as to follow an army in its movements; wagon for conveying the wounded to hospital

amend: change for the better; improve; remove faults or errors

amendment: correction; revision

amends: compensation for a loss or injury; recompense; reparation

amiable: good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly

amicable: exhibiting friendliness or goodwill; not quarrelsome

amid: in the middle of; among; surrounded by

ammunition: military stores or provisions; articles used in weapons, as powder, balls, shot, shells

amount: total of two or more quantities; aggregate; sum

ample: more than enough in size or scope or capacity; fairly large

amplification: addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail

amplify: broaden or clarify by expanding; intensify; make larger or more powerful; increase

amuse: occupy or engage the attention of; lose in deep thought

analogy: similarity in some respects; comparison based on similarity

analysis: study; investigation; process of breaking down a substance into its constituent parts

analytical: of analysis; resolving into elements or parts

analyze: diagnose; examine

ancestor: forefather; forebear; forerunner or predecessor

anchor: secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; narrate or coordinate

anecdote: short account of amusing or interesting event; short narrative; secret story of history or biography

angular: sharp-cornered; consisting of an angle or angles; stiff in manner

animate: endowed with life; alive; living; animated

animation: act of animating, or giving life or spirit; state of being animate or alive.

ankle: joint which connects the foot with the leg; tarsus

annex: append or attach; take possession of; incorporate into an existing political unit

anniversary: annual; yearly; annual return of the day on which any notable event took place

announce: herald; give out; proclaim; make known publicly

announcement: formal public statement; act of making known publicly

announcer: one who proclaims a message publicly

annoy: disturb, especially by minor irritations; irritate

annual: occurring or payable every year

annually: yearly; each year; returning every year; year by year

antagonism: active resistance; condition of being an opposing principle, force, or factor

antagonist: one who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; opponent

antarctic: opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it

antibiotic: of or relating to chemical substance that kills microorganisms and cures infections

anticipate: act in advance of; deal with ahead of time; predict

anticipation: something expected; pleasurable expectation; wishing with confidence

antique: any furniture old and valuable; out of fashion

antonym: word of opposite meaning; counter term

anxiety: concern something in state of painful uneasiness; state of restlessness and agitation

anxious: eager; keen; worried; uneasy and apprehensive about an uncertain event or matter

anyhow: in any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event

apart: separately, in regard to space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside

ape: imitate; mimic, as an ape imitates human actions

apologize: beg pardon

apology: acknowledgment expressing regret or asking pardon for a fault or offense; explanation or excuse

apparatus: a group of parts that work together to perform given function; appliance or device for particular purpose

apparent: capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to eye

appeal: attraction; charm; attract; fascinate; challenge

appealing: attractive; charming

appendix: something appended or added

appetite: instinctive physical desire, especially one for food or drink

applaud: acclaim; express approval, especially by clapping the hands

appliance: durable goods for home or office use; device or instrument for household use

applicable: capable of being applied; fit or suitable to be applied; having relevance

applicant: candidate

application: close attention; work of applying something; verbal or written request for assistance

apply: exert; put into service; avail oneself to;

appoint: designate; nominate

appointment: act of putting a person into a non-elective position; arrangement

appreciable: considerable; perceptible

appreciate: be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of

appreciation: recognition; taste; judgment or opinion, especially a favorable one

appreciative: having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception

apprentice: works for an expert to learn a trade; beginner; learner

approach: access; method

appropriate: acquire; take possession of for one's own use; set apart for specific use

approval: official approbation; endorsement; act of approving

approve: ratify; consider right or good; think or speak favorably of

approximate: approach; come near

approximately: about; roughly

apt: likely; exactly suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand

aptitude: inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding

arbitrary: randomly chosen; determined by chance or impulse, and not by reason or principle

arbitrator: someone chosen to judge and decide disputed issue; one having ability or power to make authoritative decisions

arc: continuous portion of a circle; something curved in shape

arch: any part of a curved line

archaeology: study of artifacts and relics of early mankind

architect: one who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other large structures

architecture: art and science of designing and erecting buildings; buildings and other large structures

ardent: displaying or by strong enthusiasm or devotion; passionate

arduous: demanding great effort or labor; difficult

area: plane surface, as of the floor of a room; open space in a building; the enclosed space; extent; scope; range

arena: playing field where sports events take place; large structure for open-air sports or entertainments

argue: invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; debate

arise: come up from a lower to a higher position; come above the horizon; spring up; come into action

aristocracy: hereditary nobility; privileged class

aristocrat: one of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble

arithmetic: theory of numerical calculations

armour: defensive covering, as of metal, wood, or leather, worn to protect the body against weapons

arms: weapons considered collectively; official symbols of a family

arouse: excite; stimulate; awaken from or as if from sleep

arrange: put in proper order; dispose in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose

arrangement: composition; order

array: set out for display or use; place in orderly arrangement

arrest: stop or slow down; catch someone's attention; take into custody

arrogance: overbearing pride; haughtiness; manifest feeling of personal superiority in rank, power, or estimation

arrogant: arising from feeling or assumption of one's superiority toward others

article: essay; editorial; individual thing or element of a class

artificial: made by humans; produced rather than natural.

ascend: climb; mount

ascertain: find out for certain; discover with certainty; make sure of

ascribe: inscribe or dedicate; attribute to a specified cause, source, or origin; assign as a quality

ashamed: affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt

aside: on, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest

aspect: distinct feature or element in a problem; a way in which something can be viewed by the mind

aspirin: white crystalline compound drug to relieve pain and reduce fever and inflammation

assassination: act of assassinating; killing by treacherous violence; murder of public figure by surprise attack

assault: attack; onslaught

assemble: put together; bring or call together into a group or whole

assembly: gathering; meeting; a group of persons gathered together for common reason

assert: declare or state with confidence; put oneself forward boldly

assess: estimate value; judge worth of something

assessment: act of judging or assessing; amount determined as payable

assign: appoint; allot; make over; point out authoritatively or exactly

assignment: task given to students; job; distribution; appointment

assist: give help or support to, especially as a subordinate

assistance: activity of contributing to fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

assistant: helper; person who assists or helps someone else

associate: connect or join together; combine

association: connection, whether of persons of things; union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose

assorted: varied; miscellaneous

assortment: variety; collection containing a variety of sorts of things

assume: suppose; presume; take on; bear

assumption: something taken for accepted as true without proof; taking over or taking possession of

assurance: promise or pledge; certainty; self-confidence; freedom from doubt

assure: solidify; guarantee; convince

assured: made sure; exhibiting confidence or authority; indubitable

astonish: surprise; shock

astound: affect with wonder; surprise; shock

astray: away from the correct path or direction, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering

astronomer: a physicist who studies astronomy

astronomical: enormously large or extensive; relating to astronomy

astronomy: branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and universe as a whole

athlete: sports man; one who contended for prize in public games

atlas: a bound volume of maps, charts, or tables

atmosphere: air

atom: a tiny piece of anything; the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

atomic: of or relating to or comprising atoms; immeasurably small

attach: fasten; annex; be in contact with

attachment: a bond, as of affection or loyalty; fond regard; supplementary part; accessory

attack: offensive move; expression of strong criticism; hostile comment

attain: achieve or accomplish; gain

attempt: action of trying at something

attend: be present at; go to; take care of; tend

attendance: act of being present

attendant: aide; servant; accompanying; person who participates in a meeting

attention: act or state of attending or heeding; application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought

attentive: alert and watchful; considerate; thoughtful

attic: story or room directly below the roof of a building, especially a house;

attitude: posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue

attorney: lawyer; one who is appointed by another to act in his place or stead; proxy

attract: draw to, or cause to tend to; engage or fix, as the mind, attention; invite or allure

attraction: appeal; a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts

attribute: essential quality; reputation; honor

auction: public sale of property to the highest bidder

audience: a group of people within hearing; crowd seeing a stage performance

auditorium: area of theater or concert hall where audience sits

august: impressive; majestic; inspiring awe or admiration

author: beginner, former, or first mover of anything; creator; originator; one who composes or writes book or composer

authority: jurisdiction; power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge; government

authorization: act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant

authorize: empower; give permission for; sanction

autobiography: biography or story written by yourself

automate: control or operate by automation; replace or enhance human labor with machines

automatic: mechanized; operating with minimal human intervention; independent of external control

automation: act or process of converting the controlling of a machine or device to a more automatic system, such as computer or electronic controls

automobile: self-propelled vehicle suitable for use on street or roadway

autonomous: self-governing; not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent

autonomy: independence; self-government or the right of self-government; self-determination

auxiliary: helper, additional or subsidiary

avail: turn to advantage of; be of service to; profit; promote

available: convenient for use or disposal; not busy, free; obtainable; accessible

avenge: take vengeance for something, or on behalf of someone

avenue: way or opening for entrance or exit place; passage by which a place may be reached; broad street

average: typical; mean; achieve or reach on average

aviation: art or science of flying; flight; aeronautics

avoid: shield away from; prevent

aware: knowing; having knowledge or cognizance

awe: mixed emotion of reverence, respect, dread, and wonder; fear, as of something evil

awful: causing fear, dread, or terror; extremely bad or unpleasant; terrible

awkward: difficult to handle or manage

awkwardly: in an uncomfortable, nervous or embarrassed way

axis: the center around which something rotates; pivot

axle: pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel; transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage

baby-sitter: person engaged to care for children when the parents are not home

bachelor: unmarried men; the first or lowest academic degree conferred by universities and colleges

backbone: support; mainstay; vertebrate spine or spinal column

backward: directed to the back or rear; unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; undeveloped

bacon: back and sides of a pig salted and smoked

bacterium: single celled organism with no nucleus

badge: distinctive mark, token, or sign worn on the person

badminton: game played on a court with light long-handled rackets

baffle: frustrate as by confusing or perplexing; impede force or movement of

baggage: trunks, bags, parcels, and suitcases in which one carries one's belongings while traveling; luggage

bait: harass; tease; lure, entice, or entrap

bake: prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone or metal

balance: being in equilibrium; equilibrium; symmetry; stability

balcony: platform projecting from the wall of a building

bald: hairless; lacking a natural or usual covering

ballet: a sort of theatrical representation by dancers

balloon: large non-rigid bag filled with gas or heated air

ballroom: large room used mainly for dancing

bamboo: plant of family of grasses, growing in tropical countries

band: orchestra; team; strip; ribbon; belt; unite; ally

bandage: strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds

bang: a vigorous blow; a conspicuous success

banker: person in charge of the bank in a gambling game; one who owns or is an executive in a bank

bankrupt: penniless, without any money; financially ruined

banner: flag; sign; a newspaper headline that runs across the full page

banquet: feast; entertainment of eating and drinking

bar: a counter where you can obtain food or drink; cafe; strip; stick

barber: haircutter; one whose business is to cut hair and to shave or trim beards

bare: lacking the usual or appropriate covering or clothing

barely: just; only; hardly; scarcely

bargain: agreement between parties concerning the sale of property

barge: flatboat; long, large boat for transporting freight that is unpowered and towed or pushed by other craft

bark: sound made by a dog; harsh sound uttered by a dog

barn: an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals

barometer: instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere

baron: title or degree of nobility

barrel: vessel; large cylindrical container

barren: desolate; fruitless and unproductive; lacking

barrier: obstacle; structure built to bar passage; boundary or limit

barter: trade goods or services without the exchange of money

baseball: game played with a bat and ball by two opposing teams of nine players; ball used in this game

basement: cellar; storage room

basin: bowl-shaped vessel, usually used for holding food or liquids

bathe: wash by immersion, as in a bath; subject to bath; lave; immerse or cover one's self

batter: beat with successive blows; beat repeatedly and with violence

battery: beating or pounding; set of guns or heavy artillery; dry cell that produces electric current

bay: inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf; small body of water set off from the main body

bazaar: market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, especially one in the Middle East

bead: small piece of material, such as glass, plastic, or wood, that is pierced for stringing

beak: nib; horny projecting mouth of a bird

beam: ray of light; long piece of metal or wood; long piece fixed or movable in structure, machine, or tool

bean: various edible seeds; small oval or roundish seed, berry, nut, or lump

bear: support; sustain; carry; have; yield; give birth; hold up or support

bearing: carrying another part; patient endurance; suffering without complaint; act of producing or giving birth

beat: whip; strike; defeat; hit repeatedly

become: suit or be suitable to; be worthy of, or proper for; cause to appear well; grow or come to be

beforehand: in state of anticipation; in advance; by way of preparation

behalf: represent; advantage, benefit, interest of someone

behave: perform; conduct oneself in a proper way

behavior: conduct; manner

belly: part of human body which extends downward from breast to thighs, and contains bowels; womb

beloved: greatly loved; dear to the heart

below: under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; inferior to in rank; unworthy of

bend: strain or move out of a straight line; curve; turn toward some certain point

beneath: lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; below

beneficial: helpful; tending to promote physical well-being

beneficiary: person entitled to benefits or proceeds of an insurance policy or will

benefit: advantage; something that aids or promotes well-being; welfare; gain

benevolent: generous in providing aid to others; charitable

bent: determined to do or have

besides: over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to; other than

bestow: give as gift; present

bet: stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; amount or object risked in a wager

betray: be unfaithful; reveal unconsciously or unwillingly

beverage: liquids for drinking, usually excluding water; refreshment

bewilder: lead into perplexity or confusion; perplex with mazes

bias: preference or inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment; influence in unfair way

bid: make an offer of; propose; offer in words; declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance

bill: invoice; act; proposal; statement or list of particulars, such as a theater program or menu

billion: the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros

bind: tie, or confine with a cord, band, or chain; make fast; contract; cohere or stick together

biographer: one who writes a book about somebody's life

biography: an account of the series of events making up a person's life; accounts of people's life

biologist: scientist who studies living organisms

bite: pierce skin with teeth; seize with the teeth; sting with a stinger; eat into; have a sharp taste

bitter: harsh or corrosive in tone; painful; acrid; acrimonious

bitterness: sharp and bitter manner

blacksmith: one who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil

blade: flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants; cutting part of an instrument

blame: condemn; rebuke; find fault with; censure

blank: of a white or pale color; without color; empty; void

blanket: heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing

blast: explode; burst; gale; very strong gust of wind or air

blaze: brilliant burst of fire; destructive fire; flame

bleach: make white or colorless; blanch

bleed: emit blood; lose blood; withdraw blood from the body

blend: combination; mixture; forming uniform mixture

bless: make or pronounce holy; consecrate; make happy

blessing: praying for divine protection; formal act of giving approval

blink: shut eyes briefly; wink

block: hinder; obstruct; indicate broadly without great detail; sketch

bloom: flower; blossom; best time of youth; period of greatest prosperity or productivity

blossom: reproductive organ of plants, especially one having showy or colorful parts

blot: spot or stain, as of ink on paper; blur; weak point or failing

blunder: serious mistake typically caused by ignorance or confusion

blunt: having a dull edge or end; not sharp; lacking in feeling; insensitive

blush: become rosy or reddish; turn red, as if in embarrassment or shame

board: a committee having supervisory powers; a flat piece of material designed for a special purpose

boarding: wooden boards collectively; act of entering a ship; supplying with meals and lodgings for pay

boast: show off oneself; speak of with excessive pride

bodyguard: guard to protect or defend person; lifeguard

boil: be agitated; pass from a liquid to vapor when heated; be excited with passion; heat in water

bold: brave; daring; intrepid; impudent

bolt: dash or dart off; move or jump suddenly

bond: link; connection; uniting force or tie; binding agreement; duty

bonus: an extra dividend to the shareholders; money paid in addition to a stated compensation

bookcase: case with shelves for holding books, especially one with glazed doors

boom: bonanza; prosperity; prosper; expand; flourish

booming: deep and resonant; flourishing; thriving

boost: raise; advance; push or shove upward

booth: house or shed built for temporary occupation; covered stall or temporary structure

border: outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden; margin; verge; brink; boundary

bore: drill; make a hole in or through, with or as if with a drill

boring: uninteresting and tiresome; dull

bother: annoy; trouble; make agitated or nervous; fluster

bounce: jolt; rebound after having struck an object or a surface

bound: tied; held; committed; limit; constraint; leap; jump

boundary: dividing line; border; frontier

bourgeois: middle class; selfishly materialistic; dully conventional

bow: inclination of head, or bending of body for reverence, respect, civility, or submission; bending or rounded part of ship forward

bowl: throw or roll a ball; move quickly and smoothly, especially by rolling

boycott: refrain from buying or using

brace: something which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly, as bandage, cord, or rod;

brain: organ or seat of intellect; understanding or imagination

brake: a piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by friction

brand: burning piece of wood; mark made by burning with a hot iron; distinctive mark upon in any way

breach: breaking of contract or duty

breadth: measure or dimension from side to side; width; extent

break: opportunity to do something; pause or interval, as from work; sudden change

breakdown: process of failing to function or continue; sudden collapse in physical or mental health; summary of itemized data

breakthrough: act of overcoming or penetrating an obstacle or restriction

breath: air that is inhaled and exhaled in respiration

breathe: respire; inhale and exhale air

breed: raise; produce offspring; give birth to or hatch; mate

breeze: light current of air; gentle wind; progress swiftly and effortlessly

bribe: something serving to influence or persuade; reward or gift with a view to prevent judgment

bridle: headgear with which a horse is directed and which carries a bit and reins

brief: short in time, duration, length, or extent; concise

brighten: lighten; cheer; encourage; make or become bright or brighter

brilliance: cleverness; magnificence

brilliant: full of light; shining; bright; sharp and clear in tone

brim: brink; edge

brink: edge, margin, or border of a steep place verge

brisk: marked by speed, liveliness, and vigor; energetic; swift; keen or sharp in speech or manner

brittle: easily broken; having little elasticity

broadcast: message that is transmitted by radio or television; radio or television show

broaden: widen; grow broad or broader

brochure: pamphlet; small book usually having paper cover

bronze: an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements

brood: think long and anxiously; be in a state of gloomy, serious thought

brook: creek; stream

brown: of dark color, of various shades between black and red or yellow

bruise: injure, as by a blow or collision; contuse; fight with the fists

brutal: like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; merciless

brute: not having sensation; senseless; inanimate; unconscious; without intelligence

bubble: foam; dome-shaped covering made of transparent glass or plastic; fantastic or impracticable idea or belief

bucket: vessel for drawing up water from a well; vessel for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain

bud: one that is not yet fully developed; sprout

budget: estimate; a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose

buffet: table with food set out for people to serve themselves; meal at which people help themselves to food that's been set out

bug: general name applied to various insects

bulb: rounded part of a cylindrical structure; electric lamp consisting of a glass ball

bulk: majority; main part; volume; mass

bulky: of large size for its weight

bull: male of any species of cattle; large, strong, and aggressive person; optimist regarding business conditions

bulletin: brief statement of facts; any public notice or announcement; a periodical publication

bullion: gold and silver in the form of bars

bump: impact as from a collision; lump on the body caused by a blow

bunch: clump; cluster; gathering

bundle: packet; a package of things tied together; a large sum of money

burdensome: not easily borne; wearing; causing uneasiness or fatigue

bureaucracy: over-regulated administrative system

burial: grave or tomb; ritual placing of a corpse in a grave; concealing something under the ground

bush: place abounding in trees or shrubs; wild forest

business: rightful concern or responsibility; occupation, work, or trade in which a person is engaged; commercial enterprise

butcher: one whose job is to kill animals for food; one who kills in large numbers, or with unusual cruelty

butter: oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning

butterfly: insect typically having a slender body with broad colorful wings

buzz: confusion of activity and gossip; sound of rapid vibration

bygone: past; gone by

bypass: channel used to conduct gas or liquid around another pipe or a fixture; conductor having low resistance in parallel

by-product: product made during the manufacture of something else

cab: taxi; one-horse vehicle for public hire

cabin: small room on a ship or boat where people sleep

cabinet: group of persons appointed by a head of state or a prime minister; hut; cottage; small house; small room; closet

cable: very strong thick rope made of twisted steel or metal wire

cafe: coffee house; restaurant where coffee and liquors are served

cafeteria: restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier

calculate: compute; determine; estimate

calculation: planning something carefully and intentionally

calendar: orderly arrangement as years, months, weeks, and days; a table showing months, weeks, and days

calm: freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; tranquility; stillness; quiet; serenity

calorie: unit of heat; unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree

campaign: battle; a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end

campus: field where the buildings of a university are situated

canal: artificial channel filled with water; tube or duct

canary: pale yellowish color; wine made in the Canary Islands; canary bird; quick and lively dance

cancel: revoke; call off; omit or delete

cancellation: act of cancelling; calling off some arrangement

candid: straightforward; frank; free from prejudice; impartial

candidate: person who is considered for something; person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor

cane: any plant with long, hard, elastic stems; walking stick

cannon: great gun; firearm for discharging heavy shot with great force

canon: law or rule; decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by ecclesiastical authority; books of the Bible officially accepted; a group of literary works

canteen: vessel used by soldiers for carrying water, liquor, or other drink; snack bar or small cafeteria, as on a military installation

canvas: heavy closely woven fabric; background against which events unfold, as in a historical narrative

canvass: determine votes; examine carefully or discuss thoroughly; scrutinize

capability: quality of being capable; capacity; skill

capable: having the ability required for a specific task

capacity: mental or physical ability; ability to accommodate

cape: piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; sleeveless outer garment

capital: wealth in form of money or property; assets available for use; city that is the official seat of government

caption: title; chapter heading; text under illustration

captive: prisoner taken by force; one kept in power of another; one charmed or subdued by beauty, excellence, or affection

capture: act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power; thing taken by force, surprise, or stratagem

card: flat, rectangular piece of stiff paper, cardboard, or plastic; business card; credit card

cardinal: chief; serving as an essential component

career: profession or occupation; individual’s work and life roles over their lifespan

careful: full of care; anxious; solicitous; taking care; giving good heed; watchful; cautious

careless: negligent; taking insufficient care

cargo: freight carried by a ship, an aircraft, or another vehicle

carol: round dance; a song of joy; song of praise or joy, especially for Christmas

carpenter: skilled worker who makes, finishes, and repairs wooden objects and structures

carrier: one that carries or conveys; messenger

carrot: root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped, and of a reddish yellow color

carry: convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; hold or support while moving; bear

cart: common name for various kinds of vehicles; two-wheeled vehicle; light business wagon

carton: pasteboard for paper boxes; pasteboard box

cartoon: design or study drawn of full size to serve as a model for transferring or copying; drawing depicting a humorous situation

carve: cut; sculpt

carving: cutting away parts to create a desired shape

cash: money paid at the time of purchase; money in the form of bills or coins; currency

cashier: one who has charge of money; cash keeper

cassette: container that holds a magnetic tape used for recording or playing sound or video

cast: assign the roles of; choose at random

casual: informal; purposeless; occurring by chance

casualty: serious or fatal accident; someone injured or killed in an accident

catalyst: agent which brings about chemical change while it remains unaffected and unchanged

catastrophe: calamity; disaster; state of extreme ruin and misfortune

catch: capture or seize, especially after a chase; take by or as if by trapping; reach just in time

category: group; class; collection of things sharing a common attribute

cater: supply what is needed or desired; provide food professionally for special occasion

cathedral: church; temple

catholic: broadly sympathetic; universal; related to Roman Catholic Church

cause: something produces a result; basis for an action or response; a reason

caution: care; being attentive to possible danger

cautious: conservative; careful

cavalry: part of military force which serves on horseback

cavern: cave; large underground chamber, as in a cave

cavity: hole; cavern; hollow area within the body

cease: stop; terminate; put an end to; discontinue

celebrate: praise; assign great social importance to

cell: any small compartment

cellar: room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground

cement: any substances used for making bodies adhere to each other; bond of union

cemetery: place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; graveyard

censor: overseer of morals; official responsible for removal of objectionable or sensitive content

centigrade: measure of temperature, used widely in Europe

cereal: grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which are used as food.

ceremonial: ritual; ceremony or rite

ceremony: formal act or set of acts performed as prescribed by ritual or custom

certainty: quality or condition of being certain; fact or truth unquestionable established; clearness

certificate: document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts; document issued to a person completing a course

certify: give certain information to; assure; make certain

chalk: soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, used as a drawing implement

challenge: assert a right; raise a formal objection; take exception to

chamber: cell; compartment; room

champion: protect or fight for as first place

championship: status of being a champion; position or title of a winner

channel: passage for water or other fluids to flow through; bed of a stream or river; route of communication or access

chaos: disorder; condition or place of great disorder or confusion; disorderly mass

chap: crack, as in earth surface; splitting of skin, caused by cold or exposure; one of the jaws or cheeks; man or boy

chapter: division of a book or treatise; assembly of monks; bishop's council; organized branch of some society

character: part; nature; description of a person's attributes, traits, or abilities

characteristic: feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably; a distinguishing mark or trait

characterize: distinguish; be characteristic of; be a distinctive trait or mark of

charcoal: a stick of black carbon material used for drawing; a very dark gray color

charge: set or ask for a certain price; load to capacity; fill; instruct or urge authoritatively; command

charity: activity or gift that benefits the public at large

charm: power or quality of pleasing or delighting; attractiveness; item worn for its supposed magical benefit

chart: graph; diagram; map showing coastlines, water depths, or other information of use to navigators

charter: license; authorize; hold under a lease or rental agreement of goods and services

chase: pursue for the purpose of killing or taking; hunt; follow as if to catch

chat: talk without exchanging too much information; informal conversation

check: stop motion; curb or restrain

cheer: lightness of spirits or mood; source of joy or happiness; festive food and drink; refreshment

cheque: written order directing a bank to pay money

cherish: harbor; treasure; treat with affection and tenderness; hold dear

chew: bite and grind with the teeth

chief: highest in office or rank; principal; head

chill: cool; freeze

chilly: cold

chin: central forward portion of the lower jaw; bottom of face

chip: cut small pieces from; diminish or reduce to shape; break or crack

choke: breathe with great difficulty, as when experiencing a strong emotion; reduce the air supply

chop: hew; cut by striking with a heavy sharp tool, such as an ax

chorus: any utterance produced simultaneously by a group

circle: round; something shaped like such a ring; group of people sharing an interest, activity, or achievement

circuit: electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow

circular: round; shaped like or nearly like a circle

circulate: move through a space, circuit or system, returning to the starting point

circulation: spread or transmission of something to a wider group or area

circumference: boundary line of a circle, figure, area, or object

circumstance: situation; condition; detail accompanying or surrounding an event

circus: public entertainment of performances by acrobats, clowns, and trained animals

cite: quote; adduce as an instance

citizenship: status of a citizen with rights and duties

civil: having to do with citizens or the state; courteous and polite

civilization: culture

claim: demand for something as rightful or due

clamp: any of various devices used to join, grip, support, or compress mechanical or structural parts

clap: applaud; slap; strike together with a sharp sound, as one hard surface on another

clarification: process of making things clearer or easier to understand

clarify: make clear and comprehensible; elucidate

clash: make noise by striking against something; dash noisi


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