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Ex.1, p.138






Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, a position it has held since 1437. It is the second largest Scottish city, after Glasgow. The City of Edinburgh Council is one of Scotland’s 32 local government council areas.

Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east, coast of the Central Bolt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea. Owing to its rugged setting and vast collection of Medieval and Georgian architecture, including numerous stone tenements, it is often considered one of the most picturesque cities in Europe.

The city forms part of the City of Edinburgh council area; the city council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30-square-mile (78 km2) rural area.

Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Parliament. The city was one of the major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, corning it the nickname Athena of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. There are over 4, 500 Hated buildings within the city. In the 2008 mid year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 471, 650. Edinburgh is well-known for the annual Edinburgh Festival, a collection of official and independent festivals held annually over about four weeks from early August. The number of visitors attracted to Edinburgh for the Festival Is roughly equal to the settled population of the city. The most famous of these events are the Edinburgh Fringe (the largest performing arts festival in the world), the Edinburgh International Festival the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, and the Edinburgh International Book Festival.

Other notable events Include the Hogmanay street party (31 December), Burns Night (25 January). St. Andrew's Day (30 November), and the Beltane Fire Festival (30 April).

The city attracts 1 million overseas visitors a year, making it the second most visited tourist destination in the United Kingdom, after London.

Cardiff is the capita), largest city and most populous county of Wales. The city Is Wales’ chief commercial centre, the base for many national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. According to recent estimates, the population of the unitary authority area is 321, 000. Cardiff is a significant tourist centre in the United Kingdom and tin- most popular visitor destination in Wales with 11.7 million visitors in 2006.

The city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan (and later South Glamorgan). Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. [4] Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area, including Dinas Powys, Penarth and Radyr. A small town until the early 19th century, the city came to prominence an a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region. Cardiff was made a city in 1905, and proclaimed capital of Wales in 1955. Since the 1990s Cardiff has seen significant development with a new waterfront area at Cardiff Bay which contains the new Welsh Assembly Building and the Wales Millennium Centre arts complEx.The city centre is undergoing a major redevelopment. International sporting venues in the city include the Millennium Stadium (rugby union and football) and SWALBC Stadium (cricket).




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