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Borderline Personality Disorder






Last, but not least, is borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is a disorder characterized by instability in emotions, thinking, relationships, identity, and behavior. People with BPD find it difficult to control impulsive or self-­destructive behaviors, and often they have chaotic and upsetting interpersonal relationships. They also sometimes struggle with their identities, not knowing exactly who they are or what they’re like. Finally, people with BPD struggle with their emotions and often experience their emotions as intense, uncontrollable, overwhelming, and threatening. One of the emotions that people with BPD struggle with the most is anxiety. In fact, more than 80 percent of people with BPD also have an anxiety disorder (Zanarini et al. 1998), with the most common ones being social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and PTSD (Lieb et al. 2004). For example, studies have found that one-­quarter to one-­half of those with BPD also experience social anxiety disorder, one-­third to one-­half also experience panic disorder, and approximately one-­half also experience PTSD (ibid.).

So, why do BPD and anxiety disorders go hand in hand? Well, one reason is that BPD and some of the anxiety disorders are actually caused by some of the same experiences. For example, childhood abuse is one of the primary causes of both PTSD and BPD. In addition, some of the same personality traits thought to cause anxiety disorders have also been found to increase the risk of BPD. For example, one personality trait that is strongly linked to anxiety disorders is anxiety sensitivity, or the tendency to fear anxiety symptoms due to beliefs that these symptoms will have negative consequences (Reiss 1991). Studies have shown that anxiety sensitivity increases the risk of developing an anxiety disorder. As with childhood abuse, however, there is also evidence that anxiety sensitivity may play a role in BPD (Gratz, Tull, and Gunderson 2008).

In addition, it is also the case that some of the symptoms of BPD may develop in response to strong feelings of anxiety. For example, one of the diagnostic criteria of BPD, deliberate self-­harm (intentionally harming oneself physically), is often used to reduce feelings of anxiety and stress (Chapman, Gratz, and Brown 2006). Likewise, other impulsive and risky behaviors that are common among people with BPD may also be used to manage unpleasant emotions in some anxiety disorders, such as engaging in risky or impulsive behaviors (behaviors that are done without thinking of the consequences) (Tull et al. 2009).


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