No. 4 Ы

1. Ann and Mary were happy in their ntw hats. 2. The fact is Moth­er packed the sandwiches herself. 3, He waved his hand back to> her till he hit his hand on the back edge. 4. She'd have gladly sacrificed¹ anything for the family's sake. 5. The plate of sandwiches.' is standing on the mantelpiece.

No. Б

«Arnold laughed at the artist. 2. She started to have classes last autumn. 3. Last time Arnold asked if they could have classes with the artist. 4. Arnold can't enlarge his vocabulary by starting to toss dictionaries into a waste basket. 5. To enlarge your knowledge in art you must start reading at once.

No. 6 Ы

I. I hadn't got a vacancy in my office. 2. Wtio made that offer of a job? 3.1 was shocked when he offered to sell his watch 4. Oh, my godl What a lot of people come to his office to ask for a job. 5 " Do-yon want a job? " He nodded. " At mv office I haven't got anything to offer you."

No. 7

^{y is} " ° he water of the North Sea near England is warm. 3. There are no more

good waterw ays in the north. 4. Shallow water is warmert£ Si deep wat-

I\i^f4Zr^T, l^ftf Course^

IIS

«er and helps to keep the shores from the cold of Norway. 5. The North Sea is not more than 600 feet deep. So the water in the North Sea is shallow and warm.

No. 8 /u/

I. He is a good cook. 2. Should I look for the sugar? 3. He'd put •on weight and looked solid. 4. The woman put on her new dress and asked if it was good. 5. The good woman put on her hat, looked at iierself and said that if she could go, she would.

No. 9 /u: /

The youth soon found two very good seats for the two. 2, The youth is truly fond of new music. 3. Soon the two were through too. 4. You like their new costumes, don't you?

No. 10 /л/

1. Mother is coming to see us this summer. 2. My brother likes running very much. 3. Every summer hundreds of people come to the South, 4. He said he would come another time and I saw he was wor­ried about something.

No. 11 h: l

1. You are perfectly sure to meet factory workers, office woikers and shop girls there. 2. First of all you must know that holiday camps are permanent buildings. 3. Perhaps when you were here last year you heard something about my girl-friend. f

No. 12 hi

1.1 was rather surprised. 2.1 looked at him or a bit. 3. It was such an insane answer to give. 4. I got some glimmering of what he wa*s driving at. 5. He was rather taken aback. 6. It's over three miles an it's rather difficult on'account of the currents roun^ the beacon.

b) Diphthongs, or Complex Vowels

Closing Diphthongs No. 13 /et/

The nucleus of the diphthong /ei/ is vowel No. 3/e/, which is close­ly connected with the second element of the diphthong — the glide /i/. In the articulation of the diphthong /ei/the bulk of the tongue glides from the /e/ to the hi position, but the full formation of hi is not accomplished. Since the movement of the tongue in the*articu_: lation of /ei/ is from a more open to a more close position, /ei/ is cal­led a closing diphthong with the front, mid narrow unrounded nu­cleus. The lips are slightly spread. The opening between the jaws is rather narrow, wider for the nucleus than for the glide (Fig. 9).

mended:

peel—pail—pile weel—wail—while jnean—ma in—mine feet—fate—fight leak—lake—like

pay—paid—pain may—made—mate day—date

able—cable—'table pain—came—game play—plays—pace pen—pain fell —fail sell: —sale men—main

say—same—sake gay—game—gait bay—bait

Graphic Equivalents of the /ei/ Diphthong

/ei/ is pronounced when spelt:

a take /teik/—брать ai wait /weit/—ждать ay say /sei/—сказать ei vein /vein/—жила ey they /Ö ei/—они ea great /greit/—большой

It is also pronounced in the words: jail /dseil/—тюрьма, gauge /geidg/—мера; измерять, chaos xaoc, aorta /eibtta/—аорта

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

No. И /эй/

The nucleus of the diphthong /эй/ starts at the position for¹ vowet No. 11 /3: /, the articulation of the nucleus is closely connected with the second element of the diphthong, the glide /u/. In the articulation of /эй/ the bulk of the tongue glides from the /a/ to the /u/ position, but the full formation of /u/ is not accomplished. Since the movement of the tongue in the articulation of Iml is from a more open to a more close position /au/ is called a closing diphthong with a central¹ mid (narrow variation of the medium position of the tongue) nucleus (Fig. 10). The lips are neutral at the beginning of the diphthong and rounded at the end of it for /u/.

To practise the /эй/ articulation the following exercises are re­commended:

oak own open old over only go

snow no so show low ago October

Moscow also tempo window flow. coal home

hold cold close telephone Soviet slogan socialist

Graphic Equivalents of the /au/ Diphthong

/эй/ is pronounced when spelt:

о so /sau/—так

oe foe /fau/—враг

oa road /raud/—дорога

ou soul /ssul/—душа

ough though /Ээи/—хотя, dough /dau/—тесто

ew sew /sau/—шить

ow know /neu/—знать

It is also pronounced in the words: omit /s(u)imit/—упускать, Olympic /au'limpity—олимпийский

No. 15 /ai/

The nucleus of the diphthong /ai/ is the front open /a/ (more open and retracted than vowel No. 4 /seO» which glides to /i/ without reach­ing it, the glide sounds like a weak Id. In the articulation of /ai/ the bulk of the tongue moves from a more open /a/ position to a more close /i/ position. The amplitude of this movement is bigger than that in the /ei/ and /эй/ articulation.

The opening between the jaws is rather wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide.

To practise the pronunciation of the diph­thong /ai/ the following exercises are recom­mended:

Fig. it

I mine tide fight

tie time tile slight

die dime size like

pie pine lies pipe

my nine wide¹ might

lie line died night

fine—feign by—bay

line—lain like—lake

fight—fate my—may

mine—mane die—day

Graphic Equivalents of the /ai/ Diphthong

/ai/ is pronounced when spelt:

i time /taim/—время igh night /nait/—ночь

eigh height /hart/—высота, but: eight /eit/—восемь у my' /mal/—мой

It is also pronounced in the words: buy /bai/—купить, guide /gaid/—гид, eye /ai/—глаз

No. 16 /au/

The nucleus of the diphthong /au/ is /a/, which is more back than /a/ in /ai/. According to the data given by foreign authors, the nucleus. of the diphthong /au/ is open, broad, central, unrounded. Vassilyev defines it as a diphthong with a front-retracted nucleus /a/, which

12

Fig. 13

The opening between the jaws is wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide.

To practise the /au/ articulation, the following exercises are re­commended:

mice—mouse lied—loud
lice—louse night—now
shy—shout gye—gout
die—doubt rye—rout
I—owl thy—thou

Graphic Equivalents of the /au/ Diphthong /au/ is pronounced when spelt:

ou house /haus/ —дом

otigh plough /plau/— пахать

ow how /hau/ —как

No. 17 /: i/

prop^⁶ ПА' 7 ^А^МЬ0Щ^^{Э1/ is} & ^{which is ndther No}- ⁶ M S'hl anri Ы ть f^{The Р08}, ^и]^{оп of the bulk of} ^e tongue is be- TZ direction Ä ^tOng-^Uf'^gH_f^deS?, ^{cm the back and} low position glide ТЫ? fmbmL^J^^lUOvI°l ^N*, ^П(~^се83агУ to accomplish the

Definition: /01/ is a closing diphtnong with the back, low (narrow variation) slightly rounded nucleus (Fig. 13).

To practise the /oi/ articulation the following exercises are recom­mended:

oil voice avoid coil join spoil boy toy destroy

boy —bay foil —fail point—paint doily—daily hoist—haste soil —sail

Graphic Equivalents of the /oi/ Diphthong

/di/ is pronounced when spelt:

oi point /pomt/—пункт, точка, boil /boil/—кипеть, coin /kom/ —

монета °У boy /boi/—мальчик, joy /d3Di/~ радость

Centring Diphthongs¹

No. 18 /ia/

The nucleus of this diphthong is vowel No. 2 /i/. The bulk of the tongue moves from the /i/ position to the position, which it occu­pies in the /э/ articulation, the full formation of it is fully accomplished.

Definition: /ia/ is a centring diphthong with the high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue) front-retracted unround­ed nucleus. When /la/ occurs in an open syl­lable and is followed by a pause, the glide sounds like the vowel /л/. The lips are neu­tral.

To practise the Лэ/ articulation the follow­
ing exercises are recommended: Fig. И

ear, hear, year, dear, near, clear, engineer, really

he —hear me —mere fee —fear tea—tear bead—beard she—sheer be—beer we —weir pea—peer

Graphic Equivalents of the /ia/ Diphthong

/ю/ is pronounced when spelt:

er here /hra/—-здесь eer beer /bia/—пиво

l The term " centring" is connected with the glide /э/, which is considered to be central. In this book it is referred to as mixed. In Gleason's transcription they are represented as /ih/, /eh/, /oh/, /uh/.

ier pier /pia/—набережная ir fakir Дэ'кю, 'fakia/—факир ear year /jis, ja: /—год ea before other consonants:

real /ml/—настоящий e before unaccented a, u: idea /aildia/—идея, geum

-бот. гравилат

No. 19 /еэ/

The bulk of the tongue starts from the position intermediate between vowels No. 3 /e/ and No. 4 /se/, then it glides to articu­late /9/, the full formation of which is not accomplished. The

Fig. IB Fig. 16

nucleus of /еэ/ is more open than the English /e/ or the Russian /э/ in amo. The lips are spread.or neutral.

Definition: /еэ/ is a centring diphthong with the front, mid-open -(broad, variation of the medium position of the tongue), un­rounded nucleus (Fig. 15).

To practise the /еэ/ articulation the following exercises are re-commendedr-

chair ware" hair

care square fair

their mare' pair

dare fare declare

far—fare' mar—mare car—care bar*— bare char^-chair tar—tare

Graphic Equivalents of the /еэ/ Diphthong

/еэ/ is pronounced when spelt:

a before r; care /кед/—забота

ai s> air /еэ/—воздух

e » there /Эеэ/—там

ei» their /5еэ/—их, свой

ea» tear Деэ/—раздирать, рвать

ае» aerate /'еэге^, 'eiareit/—проветривать

ay before or: mayor /теэ/~мэр

124

No. 20 /иэ/

The nucleus of the phoneme /иэ/ is a high back-advanced /u/, which gradually glides to /э/.

Definition: /иэ/ is a centring diphthong with the back-advanced,, high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue), slightly round­ed, short and lax nucleus (Fig. 16).

Care should be taken not to confuse the diphthong /иэ/ with /u.*/„ To avoid this mistake the following exercise is recommended:

shoe—sure pool—poor crew—cruel two —tour do —doer grew—gruel

Graphic Equivalents of the /иэ/ Diphthong

/иэ/ is pronounced when spelt:

oo before r: poor /риз/—бедный oe» doer /dua/—деятель ou» tourist /ituanst/—турист u» sure /Jua/—уверенный

It is pronounced in the words: steward /'stjusd/—управляющий, sewer /sju9/—сточная труба

The phoneme /т> э/ which is represented in spelling by -oor, -ore,. e. g. door, more is not obligatory, it is considered to be a free variant of the phoneme /э: /. It is not included in the inventory of vowels.