International business styles

Generally management means decision-making and solving problem.

Management is the control or organization of people a business, a department or a firm a project of a process.

The characteristics of management often vary according to national culture, which can determine how managers are trained, how they lead people and how they approach their jobs.

There is no single approach to defining such concept as management. There exists the debatable question whether management is an art or a science. The majority of people use both. Shortly, management can be defined as skilful treatment the business or enterprise. The collective meaning of the word management is " the persons who are in charge of a business". So, management implies the personnel who have the right to make decisions which regulate company's affairs.

The amount of responsibility of any individual in a company depends on the position that he or she occupies in its hierarchy. Managers, for example, are responsible for leading the people directly under them, who are called subordinates. To do this successfully, they must use their authority, which is the right to take decisions and give orders. Managers often delegate authority. This means that employees at lower levels in the company hierarchy can use their initiative, that is make decisions without asking their manager.

There are 4 hierarchical levels of management. At the head of this structure are shareholders, who take part in running strategic issues. Then the Board of Directors, who manage the company and responsible for control. Then the Managing Director or Chief Executive officer- is in charge of everyday running the company and his duty is to coordinate the work. And the last level are Senior or Department managers, who include Sales Manager, Personnel Manager, Chief Buyer, Chief Accountant, Information technology Department, Marketing Department, R& D Department.

There are 4 management levels: top, senior, middle and operating. Top management includes the President, Vice president and the general manager. Senior management includes CEO, finance, marketing managers. Middle management includes white-color managers, plant managers and production superintendents. Operating management includes supervisors, foremen and others.

The managers at any level are responsible for decision making. The decision making is the skill in choosing the best alternative. The decision making can be divided into five components:

1) to define the problem;

2) determing the objective;

3) to explore alternatives;

4) to predict the consequences;

5) to make a choice;

6) performs sensitivity analyses and implement the decision chosen.

In most business schools now six fundamental managerial skills are taught: creative insight, sensitivity, vision, versatility, focus, patience in order to reach the following tasks:

- to set goals and to establish policies and procedures;

- to organize, motivate, and control people;

- to analyse situations and to formulate strategic and operating plans;

- to react to changes bringing new strategies into reality;

- to produce significant growth, profitability and return on investment.

A good manager should possess the following traits:

– analytical ability;

– conceptual or logical ability;

– intuition;

– creativity;

– tolerance;

– open-mindedness.

Before, leaders were distant and remote, not easy to get to know or communicate with. Today, managers are more open and approachable: you can talk to them easily. There is more managers by consensus, where decisions are nor imposed from above in a top-down approach, but arrived at by asking employees to contribute in a process of consultation.