Section 9. Expressive means of english intonation

They can be represented by:

· Emphatic Tones => are marked by doubling the tonetic stress-mark

- Kinetic (^\\m | _//m) e.g. ^׀ No ^\\seriously, _׀ Nora.

- Static (^{׀ ׀} m | _{׀ ׀} m) e.g. I ^{׀ ׀} can’t ^\bear it any _׀ more.

· Irregular Preheads => are indicated by a high or low pitch-mark

- High (^– m) e.g. ^– I _/think it’s im^\\moral.

- Low (_ m) e.g. _ I ^\\told you to _/go.

· Stress Reduction => reduction of the prenuclear stresses,
thus giving the nucleus greater relative prominence

e.g. I ^׀ can’t i^׀ magine what he ^\looks like.

I can’t imagine what he ^\looks like. < = reduction of the prenuclear stresses

· Nuclear Tone-Shift => displacement of the nuclear tone from its normal position, thus showing contrast

e.g. But ^׀ how did you ^\get there?

But ^\how did you get there? < = nuclear tone-shift

· Compound Tunes => usage of more than one kinetic tone in an intonation-group

e.g. It’s ^׀ much more ^\difficult. < = a simple tune

It’s ^\much more _\difficult. < = a compound tune (Fall+Fall)

UNIT 1. EMPHATIC TONES (STATIC AND KINETIC) ^{׀ ׀} m | _{׀ ׀} m and ^\\m | _//m

serve to

increase the semantic prominence of words to attach an emotional coloring

or a whole utterance to an utterance