La Scala, Italy

On the death of his father early in 1823, Balfe left Dublin for London where he took music lessons with Charles Horn (1786-1849) and Horn’s father Karl Frederick Horn (1762-1830). In 1824 Balfe, joined the orchestra at the Drury Lane Theatre, which was then under the direction of Irishman Tom Cooke (1782-1848), whom Balfe had known from his days in Dublin. In 1825, Balfe, interested in broadening his studies first went to Paris where he was introduced to the great composers, Luigi Cherubini (1760-1842), and Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868), who took a personal interest in him and his musical talents. On the advice of Rossini he spend the next few years in Italy studying singing with the famous Rossini singer, Filippo Galli (1783-1853), and taking music composition lessons from Ferdinando Paer (1771-1839), in Rome. Later in Milan he studied harmony and counterpoint with Vincenzo Federici (1764-1827).

He returned to Paris in 1827 and at Rossini’s invitation made his debut early in 1828 at the Theatre Italiens as Figaro in Il barbiere di Siviglia, singing opposite Henriette Sontag (1806-54), Giulio Bordogni (1789-1856) and others. He also studied singing with Bordogni. Balfe a bass-baritone, decided to return to Italy in 1829 to gain more experience. He made his debut in the part of Valdeburgo in Bellini's opera La straniera in Palermo in January 1830.

During this period while in the Milan (or possibly in the Bergamo area) he met and married the Hungarian soprano, Lina Roser who was then sharing the stage with him in Bellini and Rossini operas, at the Teatro Carcano in Milan early in 1831. It's possible they were actually married at soprano Giuditta Pasta's Villa at Blevio on Lake Como in the autumn of 1831, shortly before the great Pasta created Bellini's Norma at La Scala.

In 1834 he made his debut at La Scala, Milan, singing opposite the renowned mezzo-soprano, Maria Malibran (1808-36), in Rossini's Otello. He appeared again with Malibran in Venice early in 1835, singing once more in Rossini and Bellini operas.

Balfe’s brilliant career as a composer of operatic works

By 1831, when he was only 23 years old, his first three operas had been produced in Palermo, Pavia, and Milan. He returned to London in August 1835, participating with the great Lablache, Tamburini, Rubini and Grisi in a concert in Vauxhall Gardens. Balfe's London debut as an operatic composer took place with the premiere of his highly successful, Siege of Rochelle on October 28, 1835 at the Drury Lane theatre in central London (shown here). This began Balfe’s brilliant career as a composer of operatic works. He was 27 years old!

His initial success was quickly followed by another opera The Maid of Artois, which he composed to fulfill a promise to Maria Malibran, his good friend who performed in the premiere on May 27, 1836 at Drury Lane theatre in London. Tragically, the renowned Malibran died the following September age 28, in Manchester as a result of a horse-riding accident.

In 1838 Balfe made his first return to Ireland where he sang in operas and in concerts. A public dinner was held at Morrison's' Hotel in Dublin in December of that year. This dinner was attended by 100 business and political leaders and Balfe made an elegant speech about his absence of sixteen years from his native city and sang arias from his operas.

Over the next twenty-five years in London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna and Trieste Balfe composed and produced more than twenty five operas, many with great success. The Bohemian Girl – the most famous and most lasting of them – was first produced at the Drury Lane theatre on November 27, 1843. Performances were soon mounted in the following cities: New York 1844; Dublin 1844, Philadelphia 1844 and later in, Madrid 1845, Vienna 1846, Sydney 1846, Prague 1847, Stockholm 1849, Berlin 1850, Trieste & Bologna 1854, Zurich 1854, Amsterdam 1855, Rouen 1862, Gothenburg 1865, Paris 1868, Toronto 1874, New Orleans 1876, Mexico 1884 and in Cape Town in 1887.

An Italian translation of The Bohemian Girl called, La Zingara was mounted in Trieste in 1854. Performances quickly followed in other Italian cities, Bologna, Bergamo, Brescia, and Verona. Later it was performed in Italian in London (1856), Dublin (1858) and New York (1858). A version in German Die Zigeunerin premiered in Vienna, in 1855, and was later heard in Berlin, Frankfurt (Jenny Lind attended the Frankfurt performance), Hamburg, Darmstadt, Munich, Stuttgart and other cities. A few years later a French version “La Bohemienne” premiered in Rouen in 1862; it reached Paris in 1868 and also performed in Zurich and Madrid, and possibly in St. Petersburg.