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Unit 133 Participle I as Adverbial Modifier






All four forms of participle I can function as adverbial modifiers of different semantic types (time, reason, manner, attendant circumstances and sometimes condition, concession, comparison). In the vast majority of cases the semantic type is clear from the meaningful relationship of the modifying and modified parts of the sentence, that is of the participle or a participial phrase and the predicate group, as in:

 

Being a n ewcomer, he felt ill at ease.

The very juxtaposition of facts suggests a causal relationship and thus we may say that being a newcomer is an adverbial modifier of reason.

 

In some cases, however, the distinction is not so obvious. For example, there may be a combination of causal and temporal elements, as in:

 

Seeing her, he stopped,

 

or of causal and conditional elements:

 

Living alone, one becomes self-centred.

 

Very often in fact to make the semantical relationship clearer, certain conjunctions are employed, such as: when, while, though, as if, as though if.

1) Participle I as adverbial modifier of time may denote a simultaneous or a prior action. Here it corresponds to the Russian adverbial participle.

Non-perfect participle I active, when used as an adverbial modifier of time, usually conveys some specific action or state. Most often it is a participle of the verbs of motion (come, walk, go), position in space (sit, lie, stand).

 

Wal king along the track, towards Biuckmaster's Bowen burst into song.

Returning to London, Arthur had thrown himself into the work.

Standing there now on the corner of the stage he went on as before.

Lying i n the hospital with his rotting wound, he dictated his farewell letter to his brother.

 

The notion of time is explicitly expressed by the conjunctions when and while.

 

He felt horrible while saying this.

Don't forget articles when speaking Englis h.

 

Participle I passive is usually an adverbial modifier of priority.

 

He enquired hurriedly whether Mrs Forsyte was at home and being informed that she was not, heaved a sigh of relief.

Being left alo ne' Paulina and I kept silence for some time.

 

Perfect participle I as adverbial modifier of time, always denotes a prior action.

 

They wrote because they had to, and having written, thought only of what they were going to write next.

 

2) Participle I as adverbial modifier of reason can be expressed by all the four forms. The most frequently used non-perfect participles 1 are those of verbs denoting mental perception and emotions, for example, knowing, realizing, remembering, expecting, hoping, fearing; also the participles being and having.

 

Hoping to catch the train, we took a taxi.

She knew that we were guilty. And knowin g it, the child in her was outraged.

Being hungry, I ate.

He's very conceited, you know, having parades and things all the time.

Having decided on this course of action some time ago, I was unable to stay at home.

 

Another characteristic feature of participles functioning as adverbials of reason consists in their combinability with negation (no matter what it is expressed by).

 

I turned back, not knowing where to go.

Even then he hadn't been able to watch her, not having eyes in the back of his head.

 

3) The meaning of attendant circumstances is one of the most characteristic of participle I, it is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect participle I. Participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the main verb.

 

Deb was silent, fi dgeting with the spoon in her saucer. I laughed, and still laughing turned away eastward.

 

The verbs most frequently used in this way are durative (non-terminative).

When a non-durative (terminative) verb occurs, it would be more exact to call it an adverbial of subsequent event or action, as in:

 

Once a month Tommy came in for a brief drink, disappearing at my nod about ten past seven.

 

4) Participle I as an adverbial of manner is akin to an adverbial of attendant circumstances. The difference consists in the fact that an adverbial of manner characterizes the action of the main verb.

 

He came in limping (jumping).- He came in carrying a big parcel.

 

5) Occasionally participle I occurs as an adverbial modifier of comparison, concession or condition.

As an adverbial of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though:

 

As if obeying him, I turned and stared into his face.

 

When participle I is used as an adverbial of concession the idea of concession may be understood from the relationship between the modified and modifying parts of the sentence. However the conjunction though makes the semantic relationship clearer.

Somebody was waiting: a man who, t hough moving irregularly, was making quite a speed in my direction.

 

Participle I as an adverbial of condition is recognized by its syntactical surroundings. It is either the subjunctive mood or the future tense form which allows a participial phrase to function as art adverbial modifier of condition:

.

She ought to be there and her absence might be resented, but being there she wouldn't know what to say (...если бы она была там…)

Well, we'll be in Scotland afore we know where we are, going at this speed (... если будем двигаться с такой скоростью).

 


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