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Choose the key words to speak about track design.
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vibration, static, speed, movement, settlement, rate, viaduct, traffic, cheap, switch, noise, resilient, exhaustion, adopt, ladder, solution, install, welding, formation, bridge, significant, parallel, longitudinal, capacity, pipe, section, withstand, generation, wooden, resistant, plate, reliability.
5. Find in the text word combinations with the word “sleeper”.
Translate these sentences into Russian paying attention to the predicates.
a) Ladder sleepers were installed experimentally on Japan Railways Freight line.
b) These designs had not paid enough attention to maintaining the track gauge.
c) Ladder sleepers do not offer the same resistance to longitudinal creep as transverse sleepers.
d) Several designs for different types of track structure have been developed using ladder sleepers.
e) Loading tests showed that the settlement rates are 8 times lower under ladder sleepers that for conventional sleepers.
Test 4
I. Match English and Russian word combinations.
| 1. longitudinal concrete beam | a. шпалы лестничного типа |
| 2. transverse steel plate | b. участок с тяжелыми рельсами |
| 3. ladder sleepers | c. продольная бетонная балка |
| 4. to test in service | d. противостоять удару |
| 5. drop-weight impact test | e. вибрация, возникающая у основания |
| 6. heavy rail section | f. поперечная стальная плита |
| 7. ground-borne vibration | g. испытание на удар опусканием нагрузки |
| 8. to withstand impact | h. проверять в работе |
| 9. resilient wheel | i. прогиб пути |
| 10. track buckling | j. упругое колесо |
II. Choose the correct word in B and put it into the gap in A.
| A | B |
| 1. The sleeper and rail act together as a composite _____. | a. noise |
| 2. Ladder sleepers reduce _____ and ground-borne vibration. | b. resistant |
| 3. Ladder sleepers can enhance safety under conditions where the _____ has partially collapsed. | c. beam |
| 4. Because of the configuration, ladder sleepers are highly ____ to track buckling in hot weather. | d. creep |
| 5. These sleepers do not offer the same resistance to longitudinal _____ as transverse sleepers. | e. subgrade |
III. Make up sentences choosing the correct information to characterize ladder sleepers.
Ladder sleepers perform well in tests because they showed
a) big reduction in track maintenance costs;
b) the pressure gradient was not smooth;
c) the effect of a bogie exerting static wheel load;
d) the rail and sleeper were in occasional contact;
e) the settlement rates were 8 times lower;
f) reduction of noise and ground-borne vibration.