The ship's arrangement .

The main body of the ship is the hull.
The hull is the watertight shell of a
ship. It is divided into a number of
horizontal surfaces called decks.
Bulkheads are walls built between the
decks, forming compartments. Each
compartment has special doors that,
when closed, make it watertight.
Those dividing up compartments are
known as tweendecks on which the
cargo rests. If water floods one
compartment because of an accident,
closing the doors will trap the water
there and prevent it from flooding
other compartments. Watertight
compartments enable a ship to float
even with a hole in her hull. The hull
is divided into three parts: fore end,
midships and after end. __________

1) What parts is the hull divided into?

2) What surfaces is the hull divided into horizontally?

3) What are known as tweendecks?

4) What is the main body of the ship?

5) What does each compartment have which makes it watertight?

6) What are vertical walls of the hull called?

The hull contains the engine room, cargo space and a number of tanks. In dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds, in liquid cargo ships it is divided into tanks. At the fore end of the hull are theforepeak tanks and at the after end are the afterpeak tanks. They are used for fresh water and water ballast. The space between the holds and the bottom of the hull contains double bottom tanks. These are used for ballast water and fuel. Ballast (ship's extra weight) is used to increase stability. Most ships use seawater as ballast. As a ship takes on cargo, the ballast water is pumped out.

1) What are at the fore and after end of the hull located?

2) What are they used for?

3) What compartments does the hull contain?

4) What tanks does the hull contain between the holds and the bottom?

5) What are they used for?

6) What is ballast used for?

The deck at the top of the hull is called the main deck. This deck covers the holds where the cargo is stowed. Several more decks may be above it. All the structures above the main deck make up the superstructure. At the fore end is the forecastle. At the after end the bridge superstructure and the poop are combined.

1) What makes up the superstructure?

2) What deck is called the main deck?

3) Where is the forecastle located?

4) And where is the poop?

The engine is fitted near the bottom of
the ship in the engine room. The engine
drives the propeller at the stern of the
ship. The engines of most ships are
steam turbines, gas turbines, or diesel
engines. Vessels propelled by diesel
engines are called motorships. They
have either geared-drive or diesel-
electric machinery. On a geared-drive
ship, the engine works through gears to
turn the propeller. On a diesel-electric
ship, the engine turns a generator that
supplies current to an electric motor
connected to the propeller shaft.

1) How are the vessels propelled by diesel engines called?

2) What types of machinery do the motorships have?

3) Where is the engine fitted?

4) What types of engines are there?

5) How does the engine work on a diesel-electric ship?

6) How does the engine work on a geared-drive ship?

The propellers, also called screws,
move a ship through the water. The
engine turns a shaft that jets out
underwater from the stern. The
propeller is bolted to the end of the
shaft. Most propellers have four
blades. As a propeller turns, it
screws itself through the water and
so pushes the ship forward. Most
small ships have one propeller.
Many larger vessels have two
propellers, and very big ships have
four. Additional screws increase a
ship's power and make the vessel
easier to manoeuvre. For example, a
twin-screw ship can be swung
around quickly by going forward on
one propeller and backward on the
other. Some ships have an extra
propeller called a bow thruster.
This propeller, which is located in
the bow, turns the ship more rapidly
than stern propellers alone.

1) How does the propeller push the ship forward?

2) What makes the vessel easier to manoeuvre?

3) Where is the propeller bolted?

4) How is an extra propeller called?

5) Where is it located?

The rudder is a large flat piece of metal
that steers a ship. It is hinged to the
stern (right aft below the waterline) and
so can be swung like a door. The rudder
is connected to the helm (steering
wheel) on the ship's bridge. When the
sailor at the helm turns the wheel to the
right, the rudder moves to the right,
causing the stern to swing left and the
bow to swing right. When the helm is
turned to the left, the rudder and bow
swing to the left.

1) What is the rudder connected to?

2) What is the rudder?

3) If the helm is turned to the left where does the rudder swing?

4) What is the rudder hinged to?

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Other parts and equipment of a ship include funnels (smokestacks) situated near the bridge to discharge smoke and exhausted fumes, an anchor on the port and starboard sides of the bow, and enough lifeboats to hold all persons on board. Modern ships have power-driven winches to raise and lower the anchors and to heave in or pay out the mooring lines used to tie vessels to a pier. Power-driven winches also operate the cranes for loading and discharging cargo. The cargo is handled into the holds through the cargo hatches. Booms that are fitted to the masts are called derricks, they are necessary for cargo operations. Derricks are operated by winches. Ships having derricks also have cargo masts and cargo posts (or Sampson posts) on deck.

1) What gears does a ship have in order to raise and lower the anchors?

2) What purpose are these gears also used for?

3) What discharges smoke and exhausted fumes?

4) Through what is the cargo handled into the holds?

5) What are the derricks operated by?

6) What gears are used for heaving in or paying out the mooring lines?