Petroleum

Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosine, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source—crude oil found below the earth's surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25, 000 feet into the earth's interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.

Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.

Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.

The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosine, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasolines.

1. What is the source of petroleum products?

A) crude oil

B) residual fuel oil

C) lubricating oils

D) gasoline

E) kerosene

2. Where is oil mined?

A) on the earth's surface

B) above the earth's surface

C) below the earth's surface

D) above the water’s surface

E) under the water’s surface

3. How is crude oil brought to the surface?

A) expansion of the hydrocarbons

B) pressure and pumping

C) vacuum created in the drilling pipe

D) expansion and contraction of the earth's surface

E) with the help of stone tools

4. How are petroleum products measured?

A)in litres

B) in kilograms

C) in amperes

D) in barrels

E) in pounds

5. How many elements are petroleum products made up?

A) 3

B) 1

C) 2

D) 4

E) 5

6. What elements are used in forming of chemical compounds?

A) carbon and hydrogen

B) oxygen and hydrogen

C) carbon and oxygen

D) nitrate and hydrogen

E) carbon and nitrate

7. Which of the following islisted as a light oil?

A) crude oil

B) gasoline

C) lubricating oil

D) home heating oil

E) residual fuel oil

8. Where is residual fuel oil used?

A) under roof

B) under furnace

C) above boilers

D) under boilers

E) under floor

9. How are the other chemical products of the hydrocarbons produced?

A) with the help of additional improving processes

B) with the help of additional refining processes

C) with the help of additional heating processes

D) with the help of additional pressure

E) with the help of additional pumping

10. Quality of what oil products depends on the octane rating?

A) gasoline

B) kerosine

C) distillate oil

D) crude oil

E) residual fuel oil