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Brazing






This process is similar to that of hard soldering. It employs copper-base alloys as a filler metal, and the equipment for heating the base metals and melting the filler may be a furnace or a blowtorch. The filler metal in most cases is an alloy of copper and zinc which melts at temperatures below those of the base metals, although in the brazing of some of the aluminium alloys, the filler metal may be an aluminium of suitable character.

The joints must be cleaned and properly fitted before heat is applied. Oxides, scale, oil, grease, and dirt must be removed by chemical or mechanical means. Proper clearance between the base metals must be provided for access of the molten filler metal forming the bond.

Several methods are employed in brazing metals.

1. The base metals may be dipped into a vessel containing the brazing alloy in a molten state. The parts are assembled in a fixture before being dipped into the molten alloy.

2. Various torches may be employed for heating the joint. Filler metal is supplied to the joint as in gas welding.

3. Furnaces are used quite frequently, especially in batch brazing, where large numbers of parts are brazed simultaneously.

4. Electric brazing is conducted in a heat supplied by electric resistance of electric arc, or by induction. This method is appropriate for brazing small objects, where thin sheets of filler metal may be inserted at the joint.

1. 1.Women... more than sixty per cent of the company's workforce.

2. б)coincide;

3. 2.We sat at... ends of the table.

4. в) opposite;

5. 3.These people applied modern... to a traditional craft.

6. б)techniques;

7. 4.The... of 13, 5 and 27 is found by adding them together and dividing by

8. б) mean;

9. 5.The... are still being analysed.

10.д)day.

11.6.He... to write and say 'Thank you'.

12.а) neglected;

13.7.Give me that... for measuring pressure.

14.г) device;

15.8.The... is leaking again.

16.a) roof;

17.9.The administrators... leaflets to passers-by.

18.в) distributed;

19.10.1 have a goodworking... with my boss.

20.6)relationship;

21.11.1 usually agree with her but in this... case I think she's wrong.

22.б)particular.

23.12.Try to avoid making any... to his illness.

24.а)reference;

25.13.It takes time to get used to another country's....

26.в) customs;

27.14.With normal..., the equipment should last for many years.

28.г) usage;

29.15.This car is no longer in....

30.г)motion;

31.16.Can you... the lid of this jar?

32.а)loosen;

33.17.This level of analysis would be impossible without the... of a computer.

34.в) laid;

35.18. It was an unusual... of the play.

36.б) interpretation;

37.19.The house is just right... for us.

38.в) size;

39.20.He is a... canaidate for this position.

40.a) suitable;

41.21.These are the instruments that... how much alcohol there is in the blood.

42.г)measure;

43.

44.22.The artist... her lying on a bed.

45.a)depicts;

46.23.Compare the physical... of two substances.

47.г)properties;

48.24.The ceremony... an aura of mystery.

49.б) retains;

50.25.Student numbers have... by 500.

51.а) decreased;

52.26.There are plans to... the non-smoking area.

а)extend;

53.27.The route has been … in red.

54.г)marked;

55.28.My boss doesn't... me to use the telephone for private calls.

56.в)allow;

57.29.A railway... Oxford and Reading.

58.а) connects;

59.30.The river has... by several meters.

60.а) risen;

61.31.... also called geodetics, a branch of earth sciences that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth.

62.б) geography;

63.32. The devise used widely in mechanical engineering and machining for precisely measuring is called...

64.a) a micrometer;

65.33. The activity of a human consisting of receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses are called...

66.а) observation:

67.34.... study size, shape and gravitational field of earth.

68.г) geodesists;

69.35.The process of ait of creating pictures by recording graduation on a sensitive medium are called...

70.в) photography:

71.36 is a tool used to physically measure length of up to yard.

72.г) a yardstick;

73.37.... occurs when the moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured.

74.б) a solar eclipse;

75.38.The process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles is called...

76.г) triangulation;

77.39.The figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint is called...

78.в)an angle;

79.40.... is the process of determining accurate positions on or near the earth's surface.

80.в)surveying;

81.41... gives the location of a place on earth north or south of the equator.

82.в) latitude;

83.42... is the geographic coordinate most commonly used in cartography and global navigation for east-west measurement.

84.б)longitude;

85.43..... is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or 'up direction'.

86.а) altitude

87.44.... is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form is raised.

88.а) a relief;

89.45.... is a line regarded as directed exactly toward the earth's center of gravity.

90.а) a plumb line;

91.46.A flat or level surface is called

92....

93.а) plane;

94.47.A unit division of a temperature scale is...

95.а) a minute;

96.48. The act or process of turning around a centenof an axis is...

97.в)rotation;

98.49.The condition of quality of being deep is…

99.г)depth;

100.50.Precision and exactness is...

101.б)accuracy;

102.51…. is a person who makes maps.

103.г) a cartographer;

104.52.... is the act of projecting or the condition of being projected.

105.a) projection;

106.53….is one who carries and employs a leveling rod under the supervision of a surveyor.

107.г) a rodman;

108.54.... is force exerted in pulling or required to overcome resistance in pulling.

109.в) pull;

110.55.....is an instrument for measuring temperature.

111.г)a thermometer;

112.56.A globular body of air or gas formed within a liquid is called...

113.г) a bubble;

114.57.The basic or most important part is...

115.а) a core;

116.58.... is the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust.

117.в) lithosphere;

118.59.... is one who describes and maps the surface features of geographic regions.

119.в) a topographer;

120.60.... is a drawing often made as preliminary study.

121.г) sketching

122.1. This is... problem she has ever had.

123.в)the greatest;

124.2. 1... my parents since last Christmas.

125.а) haven't seen;

126.3. Let's go out. It... any more.

127.а)isn't raining;

128.4.1 usually... this fence once a year.

129.a)paint;

130.5. Victor... any mistakes in the text, did he?

131.a) didn't make;

132.6.I already... my things and I am ready to go.

133.б) have packed;

134.7. People... English all over the world.

135.б) speak;

136.8.The children…their homework now.

137.a) are doing;

138.9.We... to Odessa for our holidays last year.

139.г)went;

140.10. Here is my report. I... it at last.

141.г) have finished;

142.11.1 am busy at the moment. I... on the computer.

143.в) am working;

144.12.Can you help... mends?

145.г) your;

146.13. Tom and... wife have got two children.

147.г)his;

148.14. What's... first name?

149.г) your;

150.15. Where is my umbrella? I left... in this corner.

151.б)it;

152.16. My brother gave... a very interesting story to read.

153.в)me;

154.17.... is our neighbour here.

155.г)She;

156.18.... like to spend their summer holidays at the seaside.

157.в)They;

158.19. Does... go to London?

159.г)he;

160.20.... arrives according to schedule.

161.б)It;

162.21.... likes to travel by air.

163.г) She;

164.22. It was really a... boring journey.

165.в)rather;

166.23.1 sent the letter a week ago and they haven't received it....

167.б)yet;

168.24.1 think dogs are... than cats.

169.б) more intelligent;

170.25. She has...job of all.

171.в) the most difficult;

172.26. A hare is... than a frog.

173.б) quicker

174.27. Tm not so... as a horse.

175.a) strong;

176.28. My bag isn't very.....

177.в) heavy;

178.29.She speaks in... voice than the last time.

179.б) a louder;

180.30.China has got... population in the world.

181.в) the largest;

182.31. We are going for a walk. Who (want).....to go with us?

183.г) wants;

184.32. When we came out of the water we... on the grass.

185.в) lay;

186.33. If you had known the truth you... to make Smith come to me.

187.б) wouldn't have been able;

188.34. If I... him yesterday, I would have discussed the question with him.

189.г) had seen;

190.35. Tom is proud... his father.

191.a) of;

192.36. He... the play before he saw it at the theatre.

193.г)had read;

194.37. He said that he... all his exams by the 25th of June.

195.г) would have passed;

196.38. When I got to the theatre the play... already....

197.в) had started;

198.39. When he... the people in the hall he couldn't say a word.

199.б) saw

200.40.If you... my sister tomorrow, tell her the news, please.

201.а)see;

202.41. If 1... free tomorrow I will have a walk in the park.

203.б) am.

204.42. Who... in this cottage?

205.г) lives

206.43. The two towns... by a railway next year.

207.в) will be connected;

208.44. Do you want the letter... tomorrow or just now?

209. в) to be written;

210.45. The problem is easy enough for... to solve at once.

211. б) me;

212.46. She proved... a well-read person.

213.б) to be;

214.47.... on the hill he could see the whole town.

215.г) Standing;

216.48. The student... the article asked me to help him.

217. г) translating;

218.49. My friend can't speak English... I couldn'frtake him to the international conference last month

219.a) that's why;

220.50. Martin gave... his cell phone.

221.б) us;

222.51. This is... way.

223.г) the shortest;

224.52. If you use pictures and slides your report will be much....

225.б)more interesting;

226.53. When you... some news let me know.

227. б) get;

228.54. He... the report for today's seminar.

229. а)hasn't prepared;

230.55. He found that the lady was not so young as he....

231.в) had expected;

232.56. When she was young she... two foreign languages.

233.а)was taught;

234.57. Your room is bigger than....

235. б)theirs;

236.58. He likes... such stories.

237.г)to be told;

238.59.My sister likes to... the table but she doesn't like to wash dishes.

239.в) lay;

240.60.1 don't know......

241. б) where your umbrella is;

 

1. Pineapples... in Hawaii.

в)are grown;

2. The book... from the library a month ago.

в) was borrowed;

3. The police... of an accident already. We expect them any minute.

а) have been informed;

4. The answer... to you next week.

б) will be given;

5.This book... in New York last year.

a) was published;

6. This department store... this year, let's go shopping there.

г) has been built;

7.1 am sorry but this room... now.

а)is being occupied;

8.The bridge... long ago.

б) was built;

9. The book... now.

г) is being translated;

10. The game... because of bad weather.

a) was put off;

11. We will learn the results of the game when they... on the radio.

a) are announced

12. A little present... to each of the guests yesterday.

г) was given;

13. The telegram to his office... now.

a) is being sent;

14. The bill... to your room in an hour.

б) will be sent;

15. The room... by my brother now.

г) is being cleaned;

16. A new dress... for my sister tomorrow.

a) will be bought;

17. The book... by students now.

в) is being discussed;

18. This portrait... by a talented painter last year.

6) was painted;

19. Our trip... because of bad weather last week-end.

б) was finished;

20. His letter... as soon as the manager finds out the necessary information.

a) will be answered;

21. This camera... in Japan.

б) is made;

22. Many new houses... in our city now.

г) are being built;

23.1 can't say anything because my words... against me.

в) will be used;

24. If 1... this job, I'll be very much satisfied.

б) am given;

25. Usually breakfast here... at 8 o'clock.

б) is served;

26. She... a box of chocolates for her birthday last week.

а)was given;

27. They said that the new school... in that area.

г) would be built;

28. Stamps... in 1840 in Great Britain.

б) were introduced;

29. She came back to town where she....

г) was born;

30. The building... recently and looks impressive.

a) has been repaired;

31. Many readers have read this novel with interest ever since it was published.

г)This novel has been read with interest by many readers ever since it was published.

32. They told the mother not to worry about her sick boy as he was out of danger.

б) The mother was told not to worry about her sick boy as he was out of danger.

33. Peter was late for the party, so when he went into the room they had introduced all guests to each other.

а) Peter was late for the party, so when he went into the room all guests had been introduced to each other

34. When I went into the cinema, they were showing the film.

г) When I went into the cinema, the film was being shown.

35. They have been built a new stadium opposite our house lately.

б)A new stadium has been built opposite our house lately.

36. We will send you this report as soon as we have fixed all the dates finally.

а)We will send you this report as soon as all the dates have been fixed finally.

37. It's not really our house yet. We haven't paid for it.

в) It's not really our house yet. It hasn't been paid for.

38. As the building was dangerous, they had knocked it down at last,

в) As the building was dangerous, it had been knocked down at last.

39. Their mother had told them a lot of stories before they went to bed.

б) A lot of stories had been told them, before they went to bed.

40. Somebody had locked up the house for a year before they moved in.

в) The house had been locked up for a year before they moved in.

41. They will have published the book by August.

a) The book will have been published by August,

42. They are doing nothing to restore the building at present,

b) At present nothing is being done to restore the building,

43. After they had shown us the house, all guests had a walk round the garden.

б) After we had been shown over the house, all guests had a walk round the garden.

44. All local newspapers have just announced their engagement,

a) Their engagement has been just announced by all local newspapers.

45. 1 hope that they will have prepared the room by the guests" arrival.

а)I hope that the room will have been prepared by the guests" arrival.

46. They had taken the wounded woman to hospital before the police arrived.

в)The wounded woman had been taken to hospital before the police arrived.

47. If you had written the article earlier, it could have already been published.

a) If the article had been written earlier, it could have already been published.

48. He says by next spring they will have built these houses in our city.

г)He says by next spring these houses will have been built in our city.

49. After they had published his ten novels, he became famous.

б) After his ten novels had been published, he became famous.

50. She said that she had already washed the clothes.

а)She said that the clothes had been already washed.

51. This suit looks shabby. Sure, 1 have already worn it for three months,

a) This suit looks shabby. Sure, it has already been worn for three months.

52. We'll have repaired your TV by the end of the week.

a) Your TV will have been repaired by the end of the week.

53. We haven't discussed the book yet, let's do it now.

в)The book hasn't been discussed yet, let's do it now.

54. By the time you arrive there, they will have already sent the invitation.

б) By the time you arrive there, the invitation will have already been sent.

55. He knew that all his friends had read this book already.

а)He knew that this book had already been read by all his friends.

56. We were so glad to find out that they had taken 50 our students to the international conference.

г) We were so glad to find out that 50 our students had been taken to the international confererce.

57. He had translated the letter by the time they asked for it.

b) The letter had been translated by the time they asked for it.

58. They have already sent for the doctor. We expect him any time.

а) The doctor has already been sent for. We expect him any time.

59. He will have passed all his exams by the end of the next term.

a) All his exams will have been passed by the end of the next term.

60. They reported the fire to be burning out of control.

б) The fire was reported to be burning out of control.

1.He knew why she had been to Lviv several times.

а) Він знав, чому вона кілька разів була у Львові.

2.I was glad to find my lost book under the table.

в) Я зрадів, коли знайшов свою загублену книжку під столом.

3.He doesn’t often write sentences on the blackboard.

а)Він не часто пише речення на дошці.

4.Many birds fly to the south in autumn.

б ) Багато птахів відлітають на південь восени.

5. Her father teaches History at out school.

г) Її батько викладає історію в нашій школі.

6.They spend their holidays in the country.

а)Вони проводять свої канікули в селі.

7.He does read English books in the original.

в)Він таки читає англійські книги в оригіналі.

8.She was happy to find the necessary dictionary in the language room.

а)Вона була щаслива з того, що знайшла потрібний їй словник у кабінеті мови.

9.I was afraid you misunderstood my proposal.

а)Я боялася, що ви неправильно розумієте мою пропозицію.

10.We all agree that it is better late than never.

а) Ми всі згодні, що краще пізно, ніж ніколи.

11. Foreign language clubs give a lot for developing the general outlook of our pupils.

в)Клуби іноземної мови чимало дають для розвитку загального світогляду наших учнів.

12.The delegation arrived in London yesterday at down.

г)Делегація прибула до Лондона вчора на світанку.

13.He found the book very interesting.

б) Він вважав, що книга дуже цікава.

14.Olena translated a lot of foreign letters at the office previous week.

а)Попереднього тижня Олена переклала чимало іноземних листів в офісі.

15.They discussed many articles from these French magazines last week-end.

б)Вони обговорили чимало статей із цих французьких журналів минулого вихідного.

16.I finished work at five o’clock the day before yesterday.

а)Позавчора я закінчив роботу о п’ятій.

17.The weather was fine and children asked their sister to go with them to the park.

б)Погода була гарною, і діти попросили сестру піти з ними в парк.

18.I bought this watch seven years ago and presented it to my brother.

а)Я купив цей годинник сім років тому і подарував його братові.

19. It was raining all day long and we had to put off our meeting.

а)Увесь день ішов дощ, і ми вимушені були відкласти нашу зустріч.

20.The parents did not allow their son to play with other children and he looked very sad.

а)Батьки не дозволяли синові гратися з іншими дітьми, і це його дуже засмучувало.

21.I’ll be most interested to meet the teachers and to discuss their plans.

а)Мені буде дуже цікаво зустрітися з учителями й обговорити їхні плани.

22. I will help you to plant trees next week.

а)Я допоможу Вам садити дерева наступного тижня.

23.There will be a lot of people at the meeting today.

а)Сьогодні на зборах буде багато людей.

24.I’m going to work at school after I graduate from the university.

а)Язбираюся працювати у школі після того, як закінчу університет.

25.This is the boy you wanted to speak to.

а)Це– хлопець, з яким ви хотіли поговорити.

26.Every time I ring him up he is not at home.

а)Щоразу, коли я йому телефоную, його немає вдома.

27.I guess you are right in a way.

г) Я вважаю, що ви якоюсь мірою маєте рацію.

28.After that I’ll show you round the school.

в)Після того я покажу вам школу.

29.I came across the term I didn’t know.

а)Мені трапився термін, якого я не знаю.

30.He knew that Nina was in Kyiv.

а)Він знав, що Ніна у Києві.

31.I saw a man go past, but I didn’t look at him.

в) Я бачив, як якийсь чоловік проходив мимо, але я не подивився на нього.

32.The two missing explorers have been found safe and sound.

б)Двоє зниклих дослідників було знайдено живими й здоровими.

33.It would be silly to go out. It is raining cats and dogs.

а) Було б нерозумно виходити. Ллє як з відра.

34.The building is now a circus, it used to be a cinema.

а)В цій будівлі зараз цирк, раніше там був кінотеатр.

35.Help yourselves to sandwiches, please.

а)Пригощайтесь сандвічами, будь ласка.

36.She pretended not to hear me.

г) Вона вдала, що не чує мене.

37.Would you help me to carry this heavy suitcase?

б)Чи не допоможете мені віднести цю важку валізу?

38.They don’t want anyone else to come.

б)Вони не хочуть, щоб приходив хто-небудь ще.

39.Let’s warn him not to be late.

г) Давайте попередимо його, щоб не запізнювався.

40.What makes you think so?

г)Що змушує вас так думати?

41.What are you wearing to the party?

б) Що ви вдягаєте на вечірку?

 

 

42.It will be raining when we get there.

в) Коли ми приїдемо туди, буде падати дощ.

43.Please keep this for your son.

а) Будь ласка, збережіть це для свого сина.

44.It was obvious that nobody intended to do anything.

б) Було очевидно, що ніхто не збирався нічого робити.

45.There was much foolish talking.

б) Було багато пустих розмов.

46.Although he has his own car, he often uses buses.

б) Хоча у нього є своя машина, він часто їздить автобусами.

47.No matter what I did, nobody paid any attention.

а) Що б я не робив, ніхто не звертав на мене ніякої уваги.

48.Even if Jane did say so, we can’t be sure that she was telling truth.

а)Навіть, якщо Джейн і говорила так, ми не можемо бути впевненими, що вона казала правду.

49.Hardly had they come out when it began to rain.

в)Щойно вони вийшли з дому, як почався дощ.

50.I don’t remember when I last had my hair cut.

б)Я не пам'ятаю коли я останній раз підстригалась.

51.I went to the swimming pool and so did my friend.

б)Я пішов у басейн і мій друг зробив те саме.

52.It would be wiser to drive slowly.

г)Було би розумніше їхати повільно

53.The ice will melt as soon as the sun comes out.

а)Лід розтане, як тільки вигляне сонце.

54.That was the suit I had bought in Paris.

а)Це був той костюм, котрий я купив у Парижі.

55.They told us that they had been standing in the rain for an hour waiting for a bus.

в)Вони сказали нам, що стоять під дощем вже годину, чекаючи на автобус.

56.I’d like the letter to be send at once.

г)Я б хотів щоб листа відправили негайно.

57.The situation seems to be changing.

б) Схоже, що ситуація змінюється.

58.I’ve never known her to be angry.

а)Я не знав, що вона може бути сердитою.

59.By three o’clock he had answered only half the letters he had received that morning.

б) До З години він відповів тільки на половину листів, які отримав того ранку.

60.Mr. Brown has never had to punish his children.

г) Містеру Брауну ніколи не було потреби карати своїх дітей.

 

 

Виберіть правильний варіант речення, трансформованого з активного стану в пасивний:


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