Раздел I

ИНДОЕВРОПЕЙСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

- Индийская группа (хинди /Индия/ и урду /Пакистан/, цыганский)

- Иранская (персидский, таджикский)

- Славянская (русский, украинский, белорусский, болгарский)

- Балтийская (датский, шведский, норвежский, литовский)

- Германская (английский, немецкий, нидерландский)

- Романская (французский, итальянский, испанский, португальский, румынский)

- Греческая (греческий)

- Армянская (армянский)

КАВКАЗСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

- Западная группа (абхазско-адыгские языки)

- восточная группа (нахско-дагестанские)

БАСКИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК –вне группы

УРАЛЬСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

- Финно-угорская группа (венгерский, финский, эстонский)

АЛТАЙСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

- Тюркские языки (турецкий, киргизский, казахский, туркменский)

- Монгольские (монгольский, бурятский)

-Тунгусо-маньчжурские (эвенкийский….)

КОРЕЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК– вне группы

ЯПОНСКИЙ – вне группы

АФРАЗИЙСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

-Семитская ветвь (арабский язык)

-Египетская ветвь (древнеегипетский –мертвый язык)

-Берберо-ливийская

-Кушитская

-Чадская (Хауса /Центральная, Западно-центральная Африка)

НИГЕРОКОНГОЛЕЗСКИЕ

-Языки манде

-Атлантические языки

-Иджоидные языки

-Языки кру

-Языки ква

-Языки догон

-Языки гур

-Адамауа-убангийские

-Бенуэконголезские

-Кордофанские

НИЛО-САХАРСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ(центральная Африка)

КОЙСАНСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ(на территории ЮАР, Намибии, Анголы)

КИТАЙСКО-ТИБЕТСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

ТАЙСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

ЯЗЫКИ МЯО-ЯО (малоизученные языки Центрального и

Южного Китая)

ДРАВИДИЙСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ(языки древнейшего населения Индийского

субконтинента)

ВНЕ СЕМЬИ-ЯЗЫК БУРУШАСДИ (ВЕРШИКСКИЙ-горные

районы севера-запада Индии)

АУСТРОАЗИАТСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ

АВСТРОНЕЗИЙСКИЕ (МАЛАЙСКО- ПОЛИНЕЗИЙСКИЕ)

АВСТРАЛИЙСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ (множество мелких языков

коренного населения Центральной и Северной Австралии)

ПАПУАССКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ (языки центральной части о.Новая Гвинея)

ПАЛЕОАЗИАТСКИЕ ЯЗЫКИ (чукотско-камчатские, эскимосско-

алеутские, ………)

ИНДЕЙСКИЕ (АМЕРИНДСКИЕ) ЯЗЫКИ

(Классификация А.А.Реформатского).

ТЕКСТЫ

(Read and translate the following texts and make the exercises to them).

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NOTHERN IRELAND

The coat of arms of UK represents the shield, which is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters three lions of England; in the second, the rampant (стоящий на задних лапах) lion and fleury-counter-fleury of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for Ireland.

The crest is a lion wearing the imperial crown. The supporter is a likewise crowned English lion and a Scottish unicorn (единорог). The coat features both the motto of English monarchs, Dieu et mon droit (God and my right), and the motto of the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shamed be he who thinks ill of it) on a representation of the Garter behind the shield.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Ulster). Several islands off the British coast are also part of the United Kingdom (for example, the Isle of Wight, the Orkneys, Hebrides and Shetlands, and the Isles of Scilly).

English language developed from Anglo-Saxon and is a Germanic language. However, all the invading people, particularly the Norman French, influenced the English language and you can find many words in English which are French in origin. Nowadays all Welsh, Scottish and Irish people speak English, but all the counties have their own special accent and dialects.

About 2, 000 years ago the British Isles were inhabited by the Celts who originally came from continental Europe. During the next 1, 000 years there were many invasions. The Romans came from Italy in AD 43 and gave Britain its name. The Angles and Saxons came from Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands in the 5^th century, and England gets its name from this invasion (Angle - land). The Vikings arrived from Denmark and Norway throughout the 9^th century, and in 1066 the Normans invaded from France. These invasions drove the Celts into what is now Wales and Scotland, and they remained, of course, in Ireland. The English are the descendants of all the invaders, but are more Anglo-Saxon than anything else.

London is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. London was not built as a city in the same way as Paris or New York. It began life as a Roman fortification at a place where it was possible to cross the River Thames. A wall was built around the town for defence, but during the long period of peace which followed the Norman Conquest, people built outside the walls. In 1665 there was a terrible plague in London, so many people left the city. In 1666 the Great Fire of London ended the plague.

The gradual growth of London helps to explain the fact that the city has a number of centres, each with a distinct character: the financial and business centre called the City, the shopping centre in the West End, the industrial centre in the East End and the government centre in Westminster.

The City of London is one of the major banking centres of the world. The centre of the country’s judicial system is to be found in the western part of the City.

The West End is the area of central London. It includes Trafalgar square, the main shopping areas of Oxford Street, Regent Street and Bond Street and the entertainment centres of Soho.

The East End is a part of London where people from abroad come to find job. It is an industrial and the poorest part of London.

Westminster is a part of London where most governmental buildings are situated. On the left bank of the Thames is Westminster Palace, famous as the House of Parliament. It is the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower with the hour-bell called ’Big-Ben’ is known all over the world. Opposite the House of Parliament stands Westminster Abbey. Many outstanding painters, writers and poets are buried there. For example Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling. There are also memorials to William Shakespeare, Robert Burns and Walter Scott.

The famous people of England are: William Shakespeare, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Dickens.

The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and its industrial centre. Glasgow is also the home of the Scottish National Orchestra, the Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet. The Scottish Highlands contain some of the most magnificent scenery in Europe. A typical sight in many Highland valleys is the white buildings of the malt whisky distillers. There are more than 100 malt whisky distilleries in the Highlands and it is not surprising that the word ‘scotch’ is used to mean whisky in the world.

The famous people of Scotland are Robert Burns, Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson.

The capital of Wales is Cardiff, a major industrial town and an important port. One of the biggest power-station in the world is being built in the heart of a Welsh mountain. It uses neither oil nor coal to produce electricity, but the water of a large mountain lake.

The capital of Ireland is Dublin and Ireland is an independent state. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast and the Northern Ireland belongs to ‘UK’. Belfast is known for such industries like linen, engineering, tobacco and the sea-trade.

POLYTICAL SYSTEM OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN

AND NOTHERN IRELAND

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch (a king or a queen) as its Head of State. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. The Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and House of Lords. First new bills are introduced and debated in the House of Commons. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch to be signed.

The British democratic system depends on political parties. The political parties choose candidates in elections (there are sometimes independent candidates, but they are rarely elected).

The party which wins the majority of seats forms the Government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The largest minority party becomes the opposition.

The Prime Minister chooses about twenty MPs from his or her party to become Cabinet Ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area of government, and for Civil Service department. For example, the Minister of Defence is responsible for defence policy and the armed forces, the Chancellor of the Exchequer for financial policy, and the Home Secretary for, among other things, law and order and immigration.

The Conservative Party can broadly be described as the party of the middle and upper classes although it receives some some working class support. Most of its voters live in small towns and the suburbs of large cities. Much of its financial support comes from large industrial companies.

The Labour party, on the other hand, has always had strong links with the trade unions and receives financial support from them.

In 1981, some MPs left the Labour Party to form a new ‘left-of-centre’ party- the Social Democratic Party (SDP)-which they hoped would win enough support to break the two-party system. But this party still exists as a separate party.

Exercise I

1. Answer the questions.

- What are the most well-known parts of London?

- What river is London situated on?

- What is the largest city of Scotland?

2. Make your own questions about the text (UK) and ask your partner.

Exercise II

1. Answer the questions.

-Who is the head of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?

-How many chambers does the English Parliament consist of?

-What are the main political parties in UK?

2. Make your own questions about the text (Political system of UK) and ask your partner.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

In April 1564 a son was born to John and Mary Shakespeare at Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon. His mother was the daughter of Robert Arden, an important farmer. His father was a rich citizen whose business was making and selling leather gloves. The parents did not guess that their son? William was going to be such an important figure in English poetry and drama, and that plays would still be acted four hundred years later- not only in England, but all over the world.

Shakespeare had three children: Susannah and twins-a son, Hamnet and a girl, Judith. By 1592 he was an important member of a well-known acting company, and in 1599 the famous Globe Theatre was built on the south bank of the river Thames. It was in this theatre that most of his plays were performed and, like all Elizabethan theatres, it was a round building with stage in the centre open to the sky. If it rained, the actors got wet. If the weather was too bad, there was no performance. He wrote 17 comedies, 5 poems, 11 tragedies, 154 sonnets. His most popular tragedies are “Romeo and Juliet”, “Othello”, “King Lear”, “Hamlet”.

His most popular comedies are “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “Two Gentlemen of Verona”.

William Shakespeare died 1616. He is buried in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon.

Exercise III

1. Answer the questions.

- Where was W. Shakespeare born?

-What theatre were the most of Shakespeare’s plays performed?

-How many sonnets did Shakespeare write?

2. Put the words in the correct order:

one is the Shakespeare playwrights in most world the of famous

STONEHENGE (MAGIC CIRCLES)

The county Wiltshire is most famous for the great stone monuments of Stonehenge. No written records exist of the origins of these features they have always been surrounded by mystery.

Stonehenge has stood on Salisbury Plain for about 4, 000 years. There have been many different theories about its original use and although modern methods of investigation have extended our knowledge, no one is certain why it was built.

One theory is that it was a place from where stars and planets could be observed. It was discovered that the positions of some of the stones related to the movements of the sun and moon, so that the stones could be used as a calendar to predict such things as eclipses.

At one time people thought that Stonehenge was a Druid temple. The Druids were a Celtic religious group who were suppressed in Great Britain soon after the Roman Conquest. Some people believe that they were a group of priests, while others regard them as medicine-men who practiced human sacrifice and cannibalism. Because Stonehenge had existed 1, 000 years before the arrival of the Druids, this theory has been rejected, but it is possible that the Druids used it as a temple.

Exercise IV

1. Fill in the blanks.

-There was a period when people thought that Stonehenge was a Druid……….

-There have always been various ………. about the origin of Stonehenge.

-Nobody exactly knows why Stonehenge was……….

2. Answer the question.

-How old is Stonehenge?

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The coat of arms (герб) of the US represents an eagle with wings outspread, holding a bundle of rods (связка стрел) in the left claw on an olive twig (оливковая ветвь) in the right claw.

The motto on the coat of arms is “E Pluribus Unum” (Едины в многообразии).

The USA lies in the central part of the North American continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific to the West, Canada to the North, and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.

The USA is divided into 50 states and the District of Columbia (the territory under the capital Washington), the seat of the national government.

The American States

1. Alabama, 2.Alaska, 3.Arizona, 4.Arkansas, 5.California. 6. Colorado, 7.Connecticut,

8. Delaware, 9.Florida, 10.Georgia, 11.Hawaii, 12.Idaho, 13.Illinois, 14.Indiana.15.Iowa,

16. Kansas, 17.Kentucky, 18.Louisiana, 19.Maine. 20. Maryland, 21.Massachusetts,

22. Michigan, 23.Minnesota, 24.Mississippi, 25.Missouri, 26.Montana, 27.Nebraska,

28. Nevada, 29.New Hampshire, 30. New Jersey, 31.New Mexico, 32.New York,

33. North Carolina, 34.North Dakota, 35.Ohio, 36.Oklahoma, 37.Oregon, 38.Pennsylvania,

39. Rhode Island, 40.South Carolina, 41. South Dakota, 42.Tennessee, 43.Texas, 44.Utah,

45. Vermont, 46.Virginia, 47.Washington, 48.West Virginia, 49.Wisconsin, 50.Wyoming.

The USA flag has 13 horizontal (7 red and 6 white) stripes and 50 white stars on the blue background representing 50 states. The red stripes proclaim courage, the white stripes proclaim liberty, the field of blue stands for loyalty.

ECONOMY OF THE USA

The United States economy is based on the free enterprise system: private businesses compete against one another with relatively little interference from the government. Since the depression of the 1930s, when the economy essentially collapsed, laws have been made giving the government a more active role in economic and other matters.

Until the second half of the last century, the United States was a mainly agricultural nation. The Civil War (1861-1865) helped stimulate industry. In the years that followed, industrialization transformed the country, although many areas, especially the South, remained mainly agricultural and rural. In the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Many companies moved to the South and Southwest, and these areas experienced change and growth. Then, in the mid1970s, economic growth began to slow down.

Just as there had been a shift from agriculture to industry, there is now a shift from industry to services. (Services are provided by hospitals, banks, law firms, hotels and restaurants, and so on.)

The USA is a large country and is rich in natural resources. It is a leading producer of fuel-of oil, natural gas, and coal. It is also a leading producer of many other minerals, including copper, gold, aluminum, and iron. The United States grows wheat, corn, and other crops and raises many cows, pigs, and chickens.

POLYTICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA

The United States has the third largest population in the world (after China and India).

The most distinctive characteristic of the United States is its people. As nineteenth century poet Walt Whitman said, the United States “is not merely a nation but a nation of nations”. People of around the world have come to the United States and influenced its history and culture.

The United States constitution, written in 1787, established the country’s political system and is the basis for its laws. There were some amendments. (For example, the Fifteenth amendment gave black Americans the right to vote and the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote).

The United States has a federalist system. This means that there are individual states, each with its own government, and there is a federal, or national, government. The Constitution gives certain powers to the federal government, other powers to the state government, and yet other power to both. For example, only the national government can print money, the states establish there own school system, and both the national and the state government can collect taxes.

Within the national government, power is divided among three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

The legislative branch consists of Congress, which has two parts-the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congresses main function is to make laws.

There are 100 senators (two from each state) and 435 representatives (the number from each state depends on the size of the state’s population).

The President is the head of the executive branch and the country. The executive branch administers the laws (decides how the laws should be carried out). In addition to the President, the Vice-President, and their staffs, the executive branch consists of departments and agencies. There are now 14 departments, including Treasury, State, Defense, and Health and Human Services. Each department has different responsibilities. For example, the Treasury Department manages the nation’s money, while the State Department helps make foreign policy.

The judicial branch interprets the laws and makes sure that new laws are in keeping with the Constitution.

The United States has two main political parties-the Democratic and Republican parties. Many other smaller parties play little if any role. There are not clear differences between the Republican and Democratic parties. In general, the Republicans tend to be more conservative and to have more support among the upper classes, while the Democrats tend to be more liberal and to have more support among the working classes and the poor.

Exercise V

1. Answer the questions.

- What is the motto on the coat of arms of the USA?

- What type of economy does the USA have?

- How is the power among three branches of the national government of the USA divided?

2. Tell your partner about the main political parties of the USA.

THE MOST GENEROUS MILLIONAIRE IN THE WORLD

Every morning, millionaire Milton Petrie walked from his house New York apartment and bought a newspaper from the ragged old man on the street corner. One morning the man wasn’t there. Petrie learned that he was very ill in the city hospital. Immediately he paid his hospital bill and later, when the man died, paid for his funeral.

The old man was just one of many people that Milton Petrie helped with his money. Whenever he read about personal disasters in his newspapers Petrie sent generous cheques, especially to the families of policemen or firemen injured at work. He also sent a cheque to a mother who lost five children in a fire, and a beautiful model, whose face was cut in a knife attack. It cost him millionaires of dollars, but he still had millions left. He said that he was lucky in business and he wanted to help those less fortunate than himself. ‘The nice thing is, the harder I work, the more money I make, and the more people I can help.’ Milton Petrie died when he was 92 years old. His will was 120 pages long because he left $150 million to 383 people.

Exercise VI

1. Tell your partner about Milton Petrie.

2. Ask your partner a question: ” What is the best way to spend money? ”

ECONOMICS

Economics is the study of how society allocates resources and goods. Resources are the inputs that society uses to produce goods. Resources include inputs such as labour, capital and land. Goods include products such as food, clothing, and housing as well as services such as those provided by doctors, repairmen and police offices.

The term market refers to any arrangement that allow people to trade with each other. The term market system refers to the collection of all markets, also to the relationships among these markets. The study of the market system, which is the subjects of economics, is divided into two main theories; they are macroeconomics and microeconomics.

The prefix macro means large, indicating that macroeconomics is concerned with the study of the market system on a large scale. It studies the overall values of output, of unemployment and of inflation. The prefix micro means small, indicating that microeconomics is concerned with the study of the market system on a small scale. It studies individual producers, consumers or markets. Besides it tries to understand what sectors affect prices and wages.

An economic policy is a course of action that is intended to influence or control the behavior of the economy. Economic policies are normally implemented and administrated by the government. There are three widely accepted goals of economic policy.

1) Economic growth. It means that the incomes of all consumers and firms are increasing over time.

2) Full employment. It means that every member of the labour force who wants to work is able to find work.

3) Price stability. It should prevent increase in general price level known as inflation, as well as decrease in the general price level known as deflation.

Exercise VII

1. Give a title to every paragraph of the text.

2. Answer the questions.

-What is an economic policy? What are its goals?

A MANAGER

A number of different terms are used for “manager”, including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. The term “manager” is used more frequently in profit making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies. What does it mean to be a manager?

When used collectively the term “management” refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying decisions within a system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization. Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations; they include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships. Almost everything a manager does, involves decisions. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decision making there is always some uncertainty and risk. Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. The engineer can finish a design on a particular day, and the lawyer can win or lose a case at a certain time. But…

Exercise VIII

1. Answer the questions

-Why is it difficult to be a manager?

-What are the main responsibilities of a manager at work?

-Would you like to be a manager?

2. Make your own questions about the text and ask your partner.

CAREES IN BUSINESS

Business is an increasingly important activity throughout the world today. The opportunities for a business career have grown in variety and number. There are now five broad fields of business that offer exciting careers:

-Management (general managers, personnel managers),

-Marketing (researchers, sellers, distributors),

-Accounting (bookkeepers, public accountants, private accountants, auditors),

-Finance (bankers, financial analysts, stockbrokers),

-Computers and data processing (computer operators, system analysts).

Business today is full of risk and opportunity. Many people need to plan, prepare and practice to create a successful business. The task is to minimize risk and make the most of opportunities. Employees must be skilled in allocating time, money and other resources needed to carry out a job. They must understand how one task may affect the others. They should learn new skills and adapt to changing technology.

Exercise IX

1. Tell your partner what profession in business you like most of all and why.

2. How do you think what skills employees should posses to get a well-paid job?

LONDON

London today is one of the world’s leading business, cultural and educational centres. London has a number of centres, each with a distinct character: the financial and business centre called the City, the shopping centre in the West End, the industrial centre in the East End and the government centre in Westminster.

The city of London is one the major banking centers in the world and you can find the banks of many nations in the famous Threadneedle Street and the surrounding area. Nearby is the Stock Exchange which is like a busy market, except that here not food but shares in commercial companies are bought and sold. A little further along in Leadenhall Street is Lloyds, the most famous insurance company in the world.

The East End is an industrial part of London. It is also one of those areas of London where people from abroad have come to find work.

The West End includes Trafalgar Square, Regent Street, Oxford Street and Bond Street, and entertainment centres of Soho, Piccadilly Circus. Most of London’s big department stores are in Oxford Street and Regent Street. They are always crowded, but at sales times, in January and July, there are so many people that it is difficult to move. Piccadilly Circus is the centre of night life in the West End. To the north of Piccadilly Circus is Soho, which has been the foreign quarter of London since the 17^th century. Now it has restaurants offering food from a variety of different countries, especially Chinese and Italian ones, as well as “adult” entertainment.

London is famous for its live theatre, and there are over thirty theatres within a square mile. Naturally there is a great variety of shows to choose from.

Westminster is a part of London where most governmental buildings are situated. On the left bank of the Thames is Westminster Palace, famous as the House of Parliament. It is the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower with the hour-bell called ’Big-Ben’ is known all over the world. Opposite the House of Parliament stands Westminster Abbey. Many outstanding painters, writers and poets are buried there. For example Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling. There are also memorials to William Shakespeare, Robert Burns and Walter Scott.

You can not go far in London without being aware of the city’s close connection with the Crown. There are royal palaces, royal parks and colourful ceremonies. The most important building, but not the most beautiful, is Buckingham Palace, which is the official residence of the Queen.10 Downing Street is the residence of the First Lord of the Treasury who is the Prime Minister (Первый Лорд Казначейства, обязанности которого выполняет Премьер Министр)

BEIJING

Beijing (pronounced /beɪ ˈ dʒ ɪ ŋ /, also known as Peking (pronounced /piː ˈ kɪ ŋ / or /peɪ ˈ kɪ ŋ /), is a metropolis in northern China, and the capital of the People's Republic of China. Beijing is divided into 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties.Beijing is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and motorways passing through the city. It is also the destination of many international flights arriving in China. Beijing is recognized as the political, educational, and cultural center of the People's Republic of China, while Shanghai and Hong Kong predominate in economic fields. The city hosted the 2008 Olympic Games. Beijing is full of oriental colour. The magnificent imperial palace with red walls and yellow tiles; the walled courtyard full of shady trees and the simple and hospitable Beijing people, and their delicious food, all show the city’s old and charming features. Beijing is a city with deep-rooted cultural traditions. It has history of more than 3000 years, and has been the national capital for some 800 of these. The scenery throughout the four seasons in Beijing is pleasant. The United Nations has listed the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum, the Temple of Heaven as parts of the world’s cultural heritage.

Architecture. Three styles of architecture predominate in urban Beijing. First, the traditional architecture of imperial China, perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), the Forbidden City, the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven. Next there is what is sometimes referred to as the " Sino-Sov" style, built between the 1950s and the 1970s, with structures tending to be boxy and sometimes poorly constructed. Finally, there are much more modern architectural forms — most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD and Beijing Financial Street.

Politics and government. Municipal government is regulated by the local Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in issuing administrative orders, collecting taxes, and operating the economy. The local party authority is headed by the Beijing CPC Secretary. The local CCP also directs a standing committee of the Municipal People's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing local government. Local government figures include a mayor, vice-mayor, and numerous bureaus focusing on law, public security, and other affairs. Additionally, as the capital of China, Beijing houses all the important national governmental and political institutions, including the National People's Congress.

Economy. Beijing is amongst the most developed cities in China with tertiary industry accounting for 73.2% of its GDP; it was the first post industrial city in China. Finance is one of the most important industries of Beijing. By the end of 2007, there were 751 financial organizations in Beijing. It is also accounts for 13.8% of Beijing's GDP, the highest percentage of that of all Chinese cities. Beijing is home to 26 Fortune Global 500 companies, the third most in the world behind Tokyo and Paris. Beijing's real estate and automobile sectors have continued to boom in recent years. In 2005, a total of 28.032 million square metres of housing real estate was sold, for a total of 175.88 billion. The total number of cars registered in Beijing in 2004 was 2, 146, 000, of which 1, 540, 000 were privately owned (a year-on-year increase of 18.7%).The Beijing Financial Street, in the Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen area, is a traditional financial centre. The Wangfujing and Xidan areas are major shopping districts. Zhongguancun dubbed " China's Silicon Valley" continues to be a major centre in electronics and computer-related industries, as well as pharmaceuticals-related research. Urban Beijing is also known for being a centre of pirated goods and anything from the latest designer clothing to the latest DVDs can be found in markets all over the city, often marketed to expatriates and international visitors.

The development of Beijing continues to proceed at a rapid pace, and the vast expansion of Beijing has created a multitude of problems for the city. Beijing is known for its smog as well as the frequent " power-saving" programmes instituted by the government. Citizens of Beijing as well as tourists frequently complain about the quality of the water supply and the cost of the basic services such as electricity and natural gas. To reduce air pollution, a number of major industries have been ordered to reduce emissions or leave the city. Beijing Capital Steel, once one of the city's largest employers and its single biggest polluter, has been moving most of its operations to Tangshan, in nearby Hebei province.

PARIS

Paris ([pari] pronounced in French, /ˈ pæ rɪ s/ in English) is the capital and largest city in France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Î le-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Ré gion parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2, 193, 031 (January 2007), but the Paris metropolitan area has a population of 11, 836, 970 (January 2007), and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe.

In 2009 and 2010 Paris has been ranked among the three most important and influential cities in the world, among the first three " European cities of the future" - according to a research published by the “Financial Times”. Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. Paris and the Paris Region, with €552.7 billion in 2008, produces more than a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) of France. According to 2007 estimates, the Paris urban agglomeration is Europe's biggest city economy.The Paris Region hosts 38 of the Fortune Global 500 companies in several business districts, La Dé fense, the largest purpose-built business district in Europe. Paris also hosts many international organizations such as UNESCO, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the informal Paris Club. According to the latest survey from Economist Intelligence Unit in 2010, Paris is the world's most expensive city to live in. Paris is the most popular tourist destination in the world. The Paris region receives 45 million tourists annually, 27 million of whom are foreign visitors. The city and region contain numerous iconic landmarks, world-famous institutions and popular parks.

Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast mid-nineteenth century urban remodelling. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses. The building code has seen few changes since, and the Second Empire plans are in many cases still followed. The " alignement " law is still in place, which regulates building facades of new constructions according to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to the width of the streets it lines, and under the regulation, it is difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.

GLOSSARY

ability – the state of being able to do something

accountant – someone whose job is to keep and check financial accounts, calculate taxes…

activity-something that people do

advertisement – a picture, a set of words, or a short film, which is intended to persuade people to buy a product or use a service, or that gives information about a job that is available, an event that is going to happen

apartment – a room or set of rooms used by an important person such as a president

ambition – a strong desire for success

amendment – a change made, especially an official change made in a legal document like the

Constitution

arrangement – plans and preparations

challenge – something that tests strength, skill, or ability, especially in a way that is interesting

character-your nature, what kind of person you are

commerce – trade, business

corporation -a business company

county – an administrative area of the UK

destination-the place that someone or something is going to

deputy-someone who is directly below another person in rank, and who is officially in charge when that person is not there

driving licence – an official document that says that you are legally allowed to drive

expatriate-someone who lives in a foreign country

entertainment – things such as films, television, performances that are intended to amuse people

executive-a manager in an organization who helps make important decisions;

relating to the job of managing an organization and making decisions

goods – things for sale

idiom-a group of words that has a special meaning that is different from the ordinary meaning of each separate word

immigrant – someone who comes from one country to live in another country

judicial – legal

laptop – a small computer that you can carry with you

legislative-concerned with making laws

market – a place where food and other things are sold

message – a spoken or written piece of information that you send to another people

money – what you earn by working and can use to buy things. money can be in the form of notes, coins, cheques, and can be kept in a bank.

poverty-the condition of being poor

policy-general plan of a government, business, company

promotion-a move to a more important job in a company, an activity intended to help sell a product

representative-someone who represents, or acts for, others, especially in politics

residence – a grand house where a public figure lives

science – knowledge about the world, especially based on examining, testing, and proving facts

stockbroker - someone who buys and sells securities (stocks and bonds)

tax – money paid by citizens to the government for public purposes

tradition-a custom, a way of doing things that has been used for many generations.

IDIOMS

Learn these idioms.

to take something to heart-принимать близко к сердцу

to lay one’s cards on the table-открыть свои карты

to go up in the world- идти в гору

to stay in the background-держаться в тени

to be busy as a bee-вертеться как белка в колесе

to make both ends meet-сводить концы с концами

for a rainy day- на черный день

it’s enough to make a cat laugh-курам на смех

you could hear a pin drop-слышно, как муха пролетит

to be soaked to the skin-промокнуть до нитки

to have a heart of gold-иметь золотое сердце

to have a heart of stone-иметь ледяное сердце

PROVERBS

Try to translate the proverbs and find Russian equivalents.

-All is well that ends well

-A friend in need is a friend indeed

-All that glitters is not gold

-A storm in a teacup

-Better to do well than to say well

-Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow

-Business before pleasure

-Experience is the mother of wisdom

-East or West, home is best

-Every country has its customs

-Honey is sweet but the bee stings

-Honesty is the best policy

-He laughs best who laughs last

-Many men, many minds

-Many words hurt more than swords

-Speech is silver but silence is gold

-Tastes differ

-The exception proves the rule

-Too good to be true

-To know every thing is to know nothing

-To make a mountain out of a molehill

-There is no place like home

-There is no smoke without fire

-Velvet paws hide sharp claws

-Wealth is nothing without health

GRAMMAR (ГРАММАТИКА)

Active Voice

The Present Simple Tense - Настоящее Простое Время (I learn English at the Academy.)

The Present Continuous Tense - Настоящее Продолженное Время (I am learning English words now.)

The Present Perfect Tense – Настоящее Совершенное Время (I have already learnt all the English words of this unit.).

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Настоящее Совершенно- Продолженное Время

(I have been learning English words since morning.)

The Past Simple Tense -Прошедшее Простое Время (I went to the library yesterday)

The Past Continuous Tense -Прошедшее Продолженное Время (I was working in the library from 10 till 12)

The Past Perfect Tense -Прошедшее Совершенное Время (I had left the library by 12 o’clock)

The Past Perfect Continuous -Прошедшее Совершенно-Продолженное Время

(I had been working in the library hard, so I was tired)

The Future Simple Tense –Будущее Простое Время (I will take this jacket)

The Future Continuous Tense -Будущее Продолженное Время (This time next week I will be doing the shopping in Italy)

The Future Perfect Tense -Будущее Совершенное Время(She will have done the shopping by 5)

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense - Будущее Совершенно- Продолженное Время (By the time she comes home, she will have been doing the shopping for 4 hours)

The Future Simple –in –the Past Tense - Будущее Простое в Прошедшем Время (He said that he would visit us the other day)

The Future Continuous-in – the Past Tense -Будущее Продолженное в Прошедшем Время (She explained that she would be working)

The Future Perfect- in –the Past Tense -Будущее Совершенное в Прошедшем Время (She said that she would have finished the work by 5 o’clock)

The Future Perfect Continuous –in –the Past Tense -Будущее Совершенно-Продолженное в Прошедшем Время (My friend said that by the 1^st of June he would have been working at that plant for 3 years)

State verbs do not normally have continuous tense because they describe a state rather than an action: like, love, hate, prefer, believe, know, understand, need, belong, want, have-иметь.

In the phrases “to have a shower, to have breakfast/dinner, to have fun” the verb have may take continuous tense, e.g. I am having fun now.

Passive Voice

The Present Simple Tense - Настоящее Простое Время (I am invited to the party.)

The Present Continuous Tense - Настоящее Продолженное Время (The project is being discussed now.)

The Present Perfect Tense – Настоящее Совершенное Время (The project has been discussed.)

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Настоящее Совершенно- Продолженное Время (----)

The Past Simple Tense -Прошедшее Простое Время (The letter was sent yesterday)

The Past Continuous Tense -Прошедшее Продолженное Время (The project was being discussed from 10 till 12)

The Past Perfect Tense - Прошедшее Совершенное Время (The project had been discussed by 12)

The Past Perfect Continuous -Прошедшее Совершенно-Продолженное Время (-----------------)

The Future Simple Tense –Будущее Простое Время (The parcel will be sent tomorrow morning)

The Future Continuous Tense -Будущее Продолженное Время (-------------------------------------)

The Future Perfect Tense -Будущее Совершенное (The picture will have been drawn by May)

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense - Будущее Совершенно- Продолженное (------------------)

The Future Simple –in –the Past Tense - Будущее Простое в Прошедшем Время (He said that this gallery would be visited)

The Future Perfect- in –the Past Tense -Будущее Совершенное в Прошедшем Время (She said that the work would have been done)

The Future Continuous-in – the Past Tense -Будущее Продолженное в Прошедшем Время (--)

The Future Perfect Continuous –in –the Past Tense -Будущее Совершенно-Продолженное в Прошедшем Время (----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)

These Tenses are not used in the Passive Voice.

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Настоящее Совершенно- Продолженное Время

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense -Прошедшее Совершенно-Продолженное Время

The Future Continuous Tense -Будущее Продолженное Время

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense - Будущее Совершенно- Продолженное Время

The Future Continuous-in – the Past Tense -Будущее Продолженное в Прошедшем Время

The Future Perfect Continuous –in –the Past Tense -Будущее Совершенно-Продолженное в Прошедшем Время

HOW TO WRITE A LETTER (КАК НАПИСАТЬ ПИСЬМО)

1) Приветствие.

Если имя адресата вам известно -Dear Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. Smith;

Если нет – Dear Madam / Dear Sir; To whom It May concern.

2) Ссылка на предыдущие контакты- We read your advertisement in the” New Yorker”/

One of our business colleagues has recommended your

company as one of the best.

3) Пояснение причины написания письма –I am writing to inform, apply for, confirm…….

Виды писем: письмо-приглашение (letter of invitation),

письмо-извинение (letter of apology),

письмо запрос (letter of inquiry),

письмо-жалоба (letter of complaint),

письмо-подтверждение (letter of confirmation)…….

4) Напоминание срочности (при необходимости)-Your early reply would be appreciated,

Pease, inform us as soon as possible.

5) Сообщение о вложенных документах (при наличии документов) -Please find enclosed.

6) Завершение, подпись.

(Если вы знаете имя человека, которому пишете, используйте – Yours sincerely /

Sincerely yours;

Если не знаете, подпишите –Yours faithfully/ Faithfully yours).

Letter №1

Meridian National Bank

12187 S. Polo Dr.

Fairfax, VA 22303

26 May 2010

Suzanna Bragg

127 Polk Drive, #112

Garry, Indiana, 46402

Dear, Mrs. Bragg,

After a thorough review of your application and the supporting documents, we have concluded that your current financial situation precludes this institution from extending further credit to you. When your financial picture changes and your current level risk-exposure becomes lower, we would be happy to reconsider your application.

Sincerely yours,

Brenda Wallis.

Letter №2

19 Ryden Lane

Clevelode

Malvern

Worcestshire

WR 13 8 PD

22\3\2010

Personnel Department

Worcester College of Higher Education

Victoria Street

Worcester

WR2 7 JT

Dear Ms Elliot,

I was extremely pleased to receive your letter offering me the job of a secretary at Worcester College and I am glad to inform you that I accept the offer. I need to give a month notice at my present job and would like to start work at the beginning of May.

I would be grateful if you could let me know who I should report to or where I should go when I first arrive.

Yours sincerely,

Amanda Walker

A NOTE

To: All the staff

From: J. Tramp, R& D Director

Subject: The Corporation visit

Date: 28 August, 2009

The Chairman of our corporation Mr. Smith is visiting our company next Monday, 4 September. He is coming to see our new laboratory. Mr. Smith will be here at 10.30 a.m. and you are kindly requested to be at the welcome reception for him.

CURRICULUM VTAE

Name: John Phillip Hunt

Address: 24 Mulberry Rd.

Brixton

London SW 14 5HU

Telephone: 0181-592284; mobile 07905339242

E mail: jp-hunt@serv.com

Nationality: British

Date of birth: 22\5\84

Marital Status: Single

Education \Qualifications:

2006 2007 University of Bristol: MSc in Management

2002-2006 King’s College, London: BA(hons.) Russion and German, class 2: 1

1995-2002 Burford Community College, Oxford Rd, Burford, Oxon.

9 GCSEs (English, Mathematics, Physics, History, Technology, German,

Russoan, French, Music)

4 A levels: German(A), Russian (B), History (B). English (C)

Work Experience:

September 2009- 10 month working in Personnel Department of the Max –Plank Institute

June 2010 fur Informatic in Saarbrucken, Germany

July –August 2008-6 weeks teaching English to foreign students at Swan school

of English, Oxford

June 2007 - 2 weeks’work experience at Mark and Spencer, Oxford

Skills- Computer literate; driving licence

Referees- Dr Elaine Grigson

(Management Research Centre)

University of Bristol

Bristol BS8 1 TH