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Socio-economic consequences of unemployment. Employment policy in Kazakhstan
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Employment data are collected in a house-hold survey and in an establishment survey. Employment is closely related to output fluctuations. The labour force is defined as the number of persons 16 years of age or over who are either working or unemployed. The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labour force that is unemployed. There are millions of people who are not working but who are not counted as unemployed. They are considered out of the labour force because they are retired, in school, at home looking after their own children, sick or not looking for work for some other reasons. The labour force participation rate is the percentage of the working age population that is in the labour force.
The employment/population ratio is the percentage of the working-age population that is employed. Economists distinguish between frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment.
Frictional unemployment is the unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their skills and tastes.
Structural unemployment caused by changes in the structure of demand for consumer goods and in technology; workers, who are unemployed either because their skills are not demanded by employers or because they lack sufficient skills to obtain employment.
Cyclical unemployment caused by insufficient aggregate expenditures.
Natural rate of unemployment is the unemployment rate at which there is no cyclical unemployment. It's the sum of frictional and structural unemployment. The real level of national output which associated with the natural rate of unemployment is called the economy's potential output. The full employment unemployment rate, and the natural rate of unemployment, and the non-accelerating-inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) are synonyms which describe the steady-state rate of unemployment. This rate of unemployment is currently believed to be between 6 and 7 percent. The accurate measurement of unemployment is complicated by the existence of part time and discouraged workers.
Уровень безработицы в Казахстане за период 2007 – 2011 гг.
| Население в возрасте 15 лет и старше | |||||
| Экономически активное население, тыс. чел. | 8228, 3 | 8415, 0 | 8457, 9 | 8610, 7 | 8774, 6 |
| Уровень экономической активности населения, % | 70, 4 | 71, 1 | 70, 7 | 71, 2 | 71, 6 |
| Занятое население, тыс. человек | 7631, 1 | 7857, 2 | 7903, 4 | 8114, 2 | 8301, 6 |
| Наемные работники, тыс. человек | 4973, 5 | 5199, 4 | 5238, 8 | 5409, 4 | 5581, 4 |
| Доля наемных работников в численности занятого населения, в % | 65, 2 | 66, 2 | 66, 3 | 66, 7 | 67, 2 |
| Самостоятельно занятые, тыс. человек | 2657, 6 | 2657, 8 | 2664, 6 | 2704, 8 | 2720, 2 |
| Доля самостоятельно занятых в численности занятого населения, % | 34, 8 | 33, 8 | 33, 7 | 33, 3 | 32, 8 |
| Безработное население, тыс. человек | 597, 2 | 557, 8 | 554, 5 | 496, 5 | 473, 0 |
| Уровень безработицы, в % | 7, 3 | 6, 6 | 6, 6 | 5, 8 | 5, 4 |
| Уровень молодежной безработицы (в возрасте 15-24 лет), в % | 9, 4 | 7, 4 | 6, 7 | 5, 2 | 4, 6 |
| Уровень долгосрочной безработицы, в % | 3, 3 | 2, 8 | 2, 5 | 2, 2 | 2, 1 |
| Экономически неактивное население, тыс. чел. | 3463, 2 | 3416, 2 | 3500, 3 | 3487, 7 | 3477, 3 |
| Уровень экономической неактивности (пассивности), в % | 29, 6 | 28, 9 | 29, 3 | 28, 8 | 28, 4 |
| Численность граждан, обратившихся по вопросу трудоустройства с начала года, тыс. чел. | 236, 3 | 248, 0 | 582, 6 | 434, 3 | 322, 5 |
| из них трудоустроено, тыс. чел. | 211, 2 | 216, 6 | 475, 4 | 381, 7 | 235, 0 |
| Theme № 13 The financial and monetary system in the national economy. Lecture 13. 1. The essence of finance and the financial system. The finance function. The state budget and its structure. State debt. 2. Taxes and their essence. The principles of taxation. Kinds of taxes. Laffer curve. The fiscal policy of the state. The tax system of Kazakhstan. |
3. Monetary system and its role in the national economy. The essence and forms of credit