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Forget about schools”: the development of integrative approach to study animal intelligence






Forget about schools” is a quotation from Kö hler’s “Address of the President at the sixty-seventh Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association” in 1959. After half a century of battles between behaviouristic and gestalt Psychologists, Kö hler invited students of Animal Intelligence to proceed in another direction.

He said: “I suggest that, in this situation, we forget about schools. The Behaviorist is convinced that his functional concepts are those which we all ought to use. The Gestalt psychologist, who deals with a greater variety of both phenomenal and physical concepts, expects more from work based on such premises. Both parties feel that their procedures are scientifically sound. Why should we fight? Many experiments done by Behaviorists seem to me to be very good experiments. May I now ask the Behaviorists to regard the use of some phenomenal facts, and also of field physics, as perfectly permissible? If we were to agree on these points, we could, I am sure, do excellent work together. It would be an extraordinary experience - and good for psychology”.

The decade of 50-s was prolific for development of integrative approach to study animal intelligence. Cognitive psychologists generally agree that the birth of cognitive psychology should be listed as 1956, when a large number of researchers published influential books and articles on attention, memory, language, concept formation, and problem solving. Enthusiasm for the cognitive approach grew rapidly, so that by about 1960, the methodology, approach and attitudes had changed substantially.

About that time first international ethological conferences have been organised and routed minds to a direction that would subsequently led to cognitive ethology. In 1949 Symposium on Physiological Mechanisms in Animal Behaviour brought to Cambridge most of the key players in animal behaviour at the time, such as Niko Tinbergen, Gerard Baerends (Netherlands), Konrad Lorenz (Austria), William Thorpe, J.Z. Young

UK), Erich von Holst, Otto Koehler (Germany), Paul Weiss and Karl Lashley (USA), an international group that renewed the friendship they had built before the War (Brockmann, 2001). The first International Ethological Conference was held at Buldern in 1952, a castle in Westfalia and the site of Konrad Lorenz’ first institute. The second IEC was held in Oxford in 1953 and it has been held at regular two-year intervals since then. At the turn of Millennium, the new paradigm has been developed based on integration of holistic approach and studying the atomic mechanisms of learning and memory. This helps us better understand not only animal but human learning and find consensus with other species.


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