Lesson 6 my first Anatomy lesson

The students of the first year begin to study anatomy. Anatomy is a very important subject for every veterinarian. A good specialist must know precisely where a certain inner organ of an animal is located. The quality of the treatment depends upon that.

First of all we study bones and the skeletal system. The skeleton of any mammal animal has a similar construction and the following basic parts: the skull, the spinal column or the spine with the adjoining bones of the chest (ribs and the breastbone), bones of the pelvis and extremities. The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx (tail bones). The vertebra is a small bone which is formed by the body and the arch. All vertebrae compose the spinal column. There are 34 or more vertebrae in the spine of an adult animal. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest ones in the spinal column. They have oval bodies.

The chest (thorax) is usually composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. Ribs form the basic part of the chest. On each side seven ribs are connected with the breastbone. The following three ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either. Each rib is composed of a head, neck and body.

The extremities may be divided in the thigh, leg and foot. There are fore and hind extremities. The hind extremities are connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The fore extremities are connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments.

We have to know many anatomical terms. They were established at three Congresses of anatomists. In 1955 the International Congress in Paris established the universal anatomical terms that are collected in the list called “Paris Nomina Anatomica”. We shall study bones, muscles, the inner organs, blood vessels, organs of digestion and respiration and so on.

Задание 33. Прочтите и переведите вышеприведенный текст, выучите используемые слова:

bone - кость adult - взрослый

skull - череп cranial - черепной

facial - лицевой trunk - туловище

spinal column, spine – позвоночный столб

chest, thorax - грудная клетка neck - шея

rib - ребро breastbone -грудина

cervical - шейный thoracic - грудной

lumbar – поясничный sacral -крестцовый

vertebra (-ae) - позвонок (-и)

coccyx – копчик cartilage - хрящ

extremity – конечность

joint –сустав ligament – связка

forearm - предплечье shoulder girdle – плечевой пояс

Задание 34. Выполните следующие упражнения:

Упражнение 1. Поставьте предложения в Passive Simple Tenses:

1. Seven cervical vertebrae compose the cervical part of the spine. 2. Cranial and facial bones form the skull. 3. The pelvis connects the hind extremity with the trunk. 4. All the students attend the lectures in Anatomy 5. The breastbone connects some upper ribs. 6. The members of our student scientific society make these experiments.

Упражнение 2. Вставьте пропущенные слова:

1. The …. is the largest and longest bone in the body. 2. The skeleton of the head is called the …. 3. At the Anatomy class medical students study bones of the …..4. In the …. animal the bones of the extremities are larger than in the younger one.

Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Does the breastbone connect all the ribs of the chest? 2. Does the pulse become rapid or slow when one is running? 3. Does the patient gain or lose weight if he is seriously ill? 4. Did you learn all the anatomical terms of the skeleton? 5. Is the student’s hostel near or far from the main building of the Academy? 6. Has the body weight of the patient changed after his disease? 7. Was the treatment successful?

Упражнение 4. Поставьте предложения в отрицательной форме:

1. Professor continued his studies on muscles. 2. The bones of the skull adjoin to those of the shoulder girdle. 3 The hind extremities usually are greater than fore ones. 4. All the ribs are attached to the breastbone.5. Bones of the skull have many cartilages.

Упражнение 5. Переведите на английский:

1.Нам дали учебники по анатомии. 2.Преподавателю задали много вопросов. 3.Операция проводится известным хирургом. 4. Все кости скелета названы в анатомическом атласе. 5. Нас часто видят в библиотеке.6. Кости черепа плотно соединены.7.Позвоночный столб образован отдельными позвонками.

Задание 35. Прочитайте следующий диалог и на его основе составьте свои диалоги:

Ann. Hello, have you been yesterday in the dissecting-room?

Bill. Well, we have worked there till 6 o'clock in the afternoon.

Ann. And what did you do? - Bill. We prepared a corpse of the rat.

Ann. How did you like it?

Bill. It was necessary and besides very interesting. We could see all the inner organs of the rat.

Ann. Do you want to be a surgeon? - Bill. Really, it may be.