VI. Render the text in English. Закарпатський музей народної архітектури та побуту

Закарпатський музей народної архітектури та побуту

Справжньою скарбницею пам’яток дерев’яної архітектури є Закарпатський музей народної архітектури та побуту.

Це найстаріший музей в Україні, експонати якого розташовуються під відкритим небом. У наше божевільне століття стали стрімко руйнуватися і зникати всі старовинні зразки дерев’яного зодчества. Щоб не втратити їх остаточно в 60-ті роки XX століття в Ужгород починають звозити зі всіх куточків Закарпаття найбільш цінні дерев’яні будівлі разом з обладнанням та предметами побуту. Саме вони і послужили основою етнографічного музею, який відкрився в червні 1970 року.

Територія музею – 5, 5 га. Вона розташована на південному схилі Замкової гори, біля підніжжя середньовічної Ужгородської фортеці. На цій площі були розміщені будівлі старовинного закарпатського села: 7 садиб, 6 житлових будинків, церква, дзвіниця, школа, корчма, численні господарські споруди. У садибах розмістилися вироби місцевих майстрів: столярів, бондарів, гончарів, ткаль, вишивальниць. Його фонд нараховує 14 тис. експонатів і є основою музейного зібрання, яке характеризує матеріальну культуру етнографічних груп і народів Закарпатській області. У кожній будові все створене відповідно до етнографії того чи іншого району. Збережено також відповідний інтер’єр сільського житла.

Всі старовинні будови з’єднуються в один архітектурний ансамбль, який відповідає ландшафту Закарпаття. Між собою будови пов’язує дорога, від якої до кожного об’єкта йдуть стежки.

Тут представлені найдавніші і найпоширеніші види народної архітектури краю: церкви, садиби, хати. Крім цього, в музеї можна побачити такі типові будівлі, як народна школа з прибудовою для вчителя, водяний млин, каплиця, кузня.

Музей проводить регулярно мистецтвознавчі та художні виставки, а також заходи, які приурочені до певних історичних подій.

VII. Aact as a guide.

DELHI

Delhi, (officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) that includes the Indian capital New Delhi, stands on the Yamuna River in northern India. It is the second most populous metropolis in India after Mumbai and the largest city in terms of area. With a population of 22 million in 2011, the city is also the fourth most populous metropolis in the world. The NCT and its urban region have been given the special status of National Capital Region (NCR) under the Constitution of India's 69th amendment act of 1991. The NCR includes the neighbouring cities of Baghpat, Gurgaon, Sonepat, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida and other nearby towns, and has nearly 22.2 million residents.

Although technically a federally administered union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, and is the capital of the NCT of Delhi.

Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC. Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires. It has been captured, sacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period, and therefore the modern conurbation of Delhi is a cluster of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan region. Delhi is believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain during the period of the Delhi sultanates.

In AD 1639, the Mughal emperor Shahjahan built a new walled city in Delhi which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1649 until the Rebellion of 1857. The British captured Delhi in 1857 and the city replaced Kolkata as the seat of British government in India in 1911. A new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s. When the British left India in 1947, New Delhi became the national capital and seat of government. Today Delhi contains many important historical monuments, buildings and features.

Delhi is located at 28°37′ N 77°14′ E /  28.61°N 77.23°E / 28.61; 77.23, and lies in Northern India. It borders the Indian states of Haryana on the north, west and south and Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the east. During the British Raj, Delhi was part of the province of Punjab and is still historically and culturally connected to the Punjab region. Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna river was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, north-east and north-west parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1, 043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region.

The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1, 484 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban. Delhi has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi). Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities. Delhi was one of the ten most polluted cities in the world during the 1990s, with 70% of the polluting emissions produced by vehicles. In 1996 the Centre for Science and Environment started public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on Compressed Natural Gas and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energy’s first ‘Clean Cities International Partner of the Year’ award for its " bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".

Delhi is included in India's seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to major earthquakes, but earthquakes have not been common in recent history.

Delhi receives much of its rainfall during the monsoon season which lasts from July to September. Delhi features an atypical version of the humid subtropical climate (Kö ppen Cwa). Summers are long and the weather is extremely hot from early April to mid-October, with the monsoon season in between. In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From March to May the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity. The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.

Temperatures in Delhi range from -2.2 to 48.5 °C (28 to 119.3 °F). The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 °C (55 to 90 °F). The highest temperature recorded in July was 45 °C (113 °F) in 1931. The average annual rainfall is approximately 714 mm (28.1 in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August. The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.

There are a number of legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One is that it is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king of Mauryan dynasty who built a city at this location in 50 BC and named it after himself. Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Hindi/Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the Iron Pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved. The coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal. According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithviraj Chauhan, of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali. Some historians believe that the name is derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleez or dehali — both terms meaning 'threshold' or 'gateway'— and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain. Another theory suggests that the city's original name was Dhillika.

The people of Delhi are referred to as Dilliwallahs or Delhiites.

Being one of the most historic capitals in the world, Delhi has many tourist sites. In Old Delhi, there are attractions like mosquesnuments that represent India's history. The important places in Old Delhi include the majestic Red Fort. New Delhi, on the other hand, is a modern city designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker. New Delhi houses many government buildings and embassies, apart from places of historical interest.

The Qutub Minar, Red Fort and Humayun's Tomb are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

India Gate is situated on the Raj Path and was commissioned by Sir Edwin Lutyens for paying reverence to the Indian Soldiers, who died during the First World War. The huge walls of India Gate reveal more than 90, 000 names of the soldiers who lost their lives during the war. The names of the soldiers who died in these wars are inscribed on the walls. The cenotaph (or shrine) in the middle is constructed with black marble and depicts a rifle placed on its barrel, crested by a soldier's helmet. Each face of the cenotaph has inscribed in gold the words Amar Jawan (in Hindi, meaning Immortal Warrior).This structure was completed in 1931 and was originally called as the All India War Memorial. It is mainly a 42 m tall gate that is surrounded by beautiful fountains and gardens. At the base of this structure, there is an eternal flame called 'Amar Jawan Jyoti', which pays tribute to the soldiers who died during the Indian Independence.

The green lawns at India Gate are a popular evening and holiday rendezvous for young and old alike. Every year the Republic day celebrations are made in Delhi.The armymen and other citizens of India who are awarded or who participate in the celebration walk through the Rajpath.

Sansad Bhavan or the Parliament House, which is situated on the Sansad Marg holds an important place in the decision making of Indian politics. It is a circular building designed by the British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker in 1912–1913. The construction began in 1921, and in 1927 the building was opened as the home of the Council of State, the Central Legislative Assembly, and the Chamber of Princes.

It has around 247 pillars that represent Mughal architectural style. There is an office on Raisina Road, from where tourists can get permission to visit the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha, the library and the Council of States.

Foreign visitors can avail permission from their respective embassies only with an introductory letter.

Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official residence of the President of India, which is situated towards the west end of the Rajpath. It was originally built for the Governor General of India and is a blend of both Mughal and European architectural styles with a copper dome and around 340 bedecked rooms. Inaugurated in 1931 as the Viceregal Lodge, the name was changed in 1959 after India became a republic. Visitors can seek permission from the Government of India Tourist Office for entering the premises of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

This place is also famous for its Mughal Gardens which is open for public between February and March. The building of Rashtrapati Bhavan was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. It was once an official residence of the Viceroy of British India and was popularly known as Viceregal Lodge.

This structure has a neo-Buddhist copper dome along with a circular hall, known as the Durbar Hall. It is the chief venue for all the official ceremonies of the Government of India.

Raj Ghat is located on the banks of Yamuna River and was built as a cenotaph for honouring Mahatma Gandhi. There is a grave black marble podium at this site which is the spot of cremation of Mahatma Gandhi done on 31st January 1948. It also has an abiding flame at one end and a stone footpath with lawns on the either sides.

These lawns lead to the enclosed space having the memorial of Mahatma Gandhi with the epitaph 'Hey Ram'. This place is situated on the ring road which is officially known as Mahatma Gandhi Road.

Humayun's Tomb is the famous tomb of Humayun, who was the Mughal Emperor. The construction of this tomb was commissioned by Humayun's wife, Hamida Banu Begum in 1562. It was designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyath, a Persian architect and it is situated in Nizamuddin East. The entire structure is built using red sandstone, which was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993. The tomb established a standard for all later Mughal monuments, which followed its design, most notably the Taj Mahal.

There is a huge garden in the complex, which has fountains, pools, trees and benches to sit. Tourists can also see the Char Bagh inside the complex which have quadrilateral Persian style layout. Babar's Tomb is also situated near the main tomb of Humayun inside the complex.

The Purana Quila (Old Fort) is a very good example of Mughal military architecture. Built by Pandavas, renovated by Humayun, with later modifications by Sher Shah Suri, the Purana Quila is a monument of bold design, which is strong, straightforward, and every inch a fortress. It is different from the well-planned, carefully decorated, and palatial forts of the later Mughal rulers. Purana Quila is also different from the later forts of the Mughals, as it does not have a complex of palaces, administrative, and recreational buildings as is generally found in the forts built later on. The main purpose of this now dilapidated fort was its utility with less emphasis on decoration. The Qal'a-I-Kunha Masjid and the Sher are two important monuments inside the fort. It was made by Aqeel in 1853.