Notes that follow the text. Tour operators can be considered the wholesalers of the tourist industry

Tour operators can be considered the wholesalers of the tourist industry. Their product is the packaged tour. There are two principal kinds of packaged tours, the inclusive tour (IT), usually on the scheduled airlines, and the charter inclusive tour (CIT), usually on chartered, nonscheduled airlines. Packaged tours offer transportation, hotel accommodations, and transfer to and from the airport. The tourist pays a lower price for this package than if he were trying to make all the arrangements on his own. In addition to the basic features, the tour package may also offer meals, entertainment, sightseeing, a rental car, and many other extras.

The tour operator organizes packaged or individual tours by providing rail, plane, car rental, motor coach, ship, hotel accommodation, holiday apartments, itineraries, transfers and brochures.

The typical package that the European tour operators put together consists of the least expensive two-week holiday tour. It was primarily intended for Northern Europeans who wanted a Mediterranean vacation. As the competition among the operators brought prices down, many people who had never traveled before were encouraged to try a trip abroad. Both tourism in general and the tour operating companies themselves expanded very rapidly.

The rapid expansion has resulted in many changes in management and methods of operation for the firms in the business. A sounder financial base became necessary, since tour groups were sometimes left stranded because tour operators did not have sufficient cash to pay the price of the aircraft charter. Some of the tour operators have now been absorbed by conglomerates, the huge modern corporations that engage in many different kinds of business. Others have close ties with particular charter airlines or hotel chains. A few have become involved in resort development.

Other tours are put together by all sorts of clubs and organizations whose main purpose is not travel. They may be as diverse as cultural groups or labor unions. They are the basis for many of the affinity group charters - tours for people with similar interests and tastes. The tours that are arranged by these organizations include the normal components of the travel package. They are, in fact, direct competitors of tours put together by the companies in the travel industry.

Tours are also arranged for employees and their spouses by corporations. The corporations typically offer these vacation trips as a reward for superior sales efforts or as an incentive to improve performance. This type of tour is of course not open to the general public, but it is welcomed by the airlines and by hotel operators in the established resorts that frequently attract business of this kind.

It is possible to distinguish between two general types of tours. One is the holiday package that has a resort hotel as its destination. While local sightseeing or entertainment may be included in the package, the tours are generally without expensive extras. The major attractions usually include the sun, the sea, and activities such as golf or tennis that are offered by the resort itself.

The second type of tour is the guided tour that features sightseeing or some other special attraction. These tours are accompanied by a guide who is in charge of travel arrangements and activities. The activity offered by the tour is its principal attraction. The tour may combine travel with education. Most of these tours include several different destinations and a good deal of local travel within one region. Thus, they require careful arrangement and coordination of accommodations, local transportation, baggage handling, and all the other details that accompany any kind of travel.

The public derives many advantages from packaged tours, the most obvious being the price. When airplane seats and hotel rooms are reserved in blocks by the tour operators, considerable savings are passed on to the customers. These savings have been reflected in the last few years by the great increase in tourism. Many people

would never travel at all without the price inducements offered by packaged tours.

The second advantage is the opportunity for the tourist to make all his travel arrangements in one place at one time. The independent traveller - one who does not travel as a member of a group - often has to go to considerable trouble to put the different pieces of his trip together. Airline seats may not be available when he wants them, or he may not be able to secure the hotel accommodations that he wants. Even when a travel agent makes the arrangements, these difficulties still exist, but with the packaged tour they are eliminated for the consumer.

The third advantage is accessibility. It means that tours make it possible for people to visit many remote areas that would otherwise be too difficult for them to see on their own.