City government

Once predominantly rural, the United States is today a highly urbanized country, and about 80 percent of its citizens now live in towns, large cities, or suburbs of cities. This makes city governments very important. To a greater extent than on the federal or state level, the city directly serves the needs of the people, providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes [ санитарные нормы ], health regulations, education, public transportation, and housing.

The business of running America's major cities is enormously complex. In terms of population alone, New York City is larger than 41 of the 50 states. It is often said that, next to the presidency, the most difficult executive position in the country is that of mayor of New York.

City government charters detail the objectives and powers of the municipal government. In many respects the cities function independently of the states. For most big cities, however, cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents.

Types of city governments vary widely across the nation. However, almost all have some kind of central council, elected by the voters, and an executive officer [ должностное лицо с исполнительными функциями ], assisted by various department heads, to manage the city's affairs.

There are three general types of city government: the mayor-council [ совет при мэре, муниципальный совет ], the commission [ комитет ], and the council-manager [ council-manager plan модель управления " совет-управляющий" (" План совет-управляющий") Форма городского самоуправления, при которой власть в городе сосредоточена в руках избираемого на непартийной основе городского совета [city council] из пяти - семи человек, который для целей повседневного управления городом нанимает профессионала-управляющего [city manager], который в свою очередь набирает штат руководителей управлений городского хозяйства. Совет в этой системе определяет политику городского управления, нанимает управляющего и избирает из своего состава мэра с представительскими функциями. Модель возникла в XX в., применяется примерно в 2 тыс. городов США). ]. These are the pure forms; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them.

Mayor-Council. This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and, until the beginning of the 20th century, was used by nearly all American cities. Its structure is similar to that of the state and national governments, with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch. The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials, sometimes with the approval of the council. He or she has the power of veto over ordinances — the laws of the city — and frequently is responsible for preparing the city's budget. The council passes city laws, sets the tax rate on property, and divides money among the various city departments.

The Commission. This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials, usually three or more in number, elected city-wide. Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments. One is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor, although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners.

Council-Manager. The city manager [ городской управляющий ] is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems, which require management skills not often possessed by elected public officials. The answer has been to delegate most of the executive powers, including law enforcement [ обеспечение правопорядка; деятельность правоохранительных органов ] and provision of services, to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager.

The city manager plan has been adopted by a growing number of cities. Under this plan, a small, elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy, but hires a paid administrator, also called a city manager, to carry out its decisions. The manager draws up the city budget [ подготовить бюджет ] and supervises most of the departments. Usually, there is no set term; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work.

County government [органы самоуправления округа]

The county is a subdivision of the state, sometimes — but not always — containing two or more townships [ поселок, городок, селение, населенный пункт ] and several villages. New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate boroughs [ один из пяти районов Нью-Йорка административная единица Аляски ].

In most U.S. counties, one town or city is designated as the county seat, and this is where the government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets. In small counties, boards are chosen by the county as a whole; in the larger ones, supervisors represent separate districts or townships. The board levies taxes; borrows and appropriates money; fixes the salaries of county employees; supervises elections; builds and maintains highways and bridges; and administers national, state, and county welfare programs. In some New England states, counties do not have any governmental function and are simply a division of land.