Substantivization, Adjectivisation, Verbalisation and Adverbialisation in English and Ukrainian

This type of word-formation is common and equally productive both in English and Ukrainian. It finds its realisation in a definite word acquiring a part of or all the lexico-grammatical features of some other part of speech. Thus, abjective may become wholly substantivised or partially substantivised. 1) Wholly substantivised adjectives acquire all properties of regular nouns. Eg: a criminal, a black, a white, a liberal/ radical, a European/African, a Ukrainian/German, a weekly (тижневик), a monthly (альманах), etc. 2) Partially substantivised adjectives have only some features of nouns (no genitive case, no plural form): the deaf and dumb, the French, the invited, the useful, in the open, in the affirmative, etc. It is often difficult, however, to distinguish between Wholly and partially substantivised adjectives in Ukrainian. Cf. поранений, молодий (з) молодою, старий (зі) старою, милий, чорнобрива, завідуючий, братова, or substantivised adjectival proper names like Ніжин, Львів, Сватове, Милове, etc. Or: гнідий/карий (horse), гаряче/холодне (dishes), прийомна, німецька/англійська (languages), давнє, минуле, старе, особисте, etc.

Partially substantivised in English may also be other parts of speech, for example, a) Verbs: that is a must with me; let's have a go: a quiet read, after supper? the haves and have-nots; b) Numerals: a sign of four, King Charles the First, page ten, to receive a one/a two: c) Pronouns: a little something, a good for nothing, the all of it; those I's_ of

his; d) Adverbs: I don't know his whereabouts, he is on leave, etc.

On the other hand, nouns may be adjectivised. Cf. the market prices; London docks, average incomes/wages, Kyiv streets, the Dnieper _ banks, the Ukraina hotel, etc.

Nouns may also be adverbialised. Cf.: going home, to come by chance, on the outskirts of Kyiv, to come by air/ by train, in English (where?).

Similarly in Ukrainian where there are partially substantivised different parts of speech as well: a) pronouns as мій/твій іде (коханий, чоловік); моя прийшла (кохана, дружина, мати); він (чоловік, брат) у хаті? and b) numerals: Георг П'ятий, Єлизавета Друга, отримати два / п'ять (mark).

Nouns in Ukrainian can also be adjectivised, though to a smaller degree than in English, being used as appositives only. For example: джаз- оркестр, поет-воїн, місто Київ, фабрика-кухня, вагон-ресторан, дівчина-танкіст, жінка-космонавт/космонавтка, etc.

Ukrainian nouns can be adverbialised as well: зайти в гості, проситися у відпустку (куди?), бути на канікулах (де?), брати в борг, їхати зайцем (як?), домовитися по телефону (як?), підписати (щось) з переляку (як?), etc.