Typology of the Word-Group/Phrase

The word-group in both contrasted languages consists of two or more grammatically connected notional parts of speech expressing some content. Word-groups in English and Ukrainian may be: 1) syntactically free combinations of words like to learn much, to learn hard, to learn quickly, to learn well, to learn there/here, etc. or 2) idiomatically bound (constant) collocations, i. e. unchanged for the given sense word-combinations as to have dinner/supper, to take measures, to throw light, Hobson's choice, etc.

Free word-groups or word-combinations exist alongside of prepositional phrases which are often considered even to be of the same nature as the idiomatic word-groups [7]. Genuine syntactically free word-groups, unlike prepositional phrases, are used to name actions (quick reading), objects (a new hat), state of objects (the house ablaze), number or quantity (two thirds, the first three); also they may give characteristics of an action (singing well, going quickly, arriving first — новий капелюх, йому/Миколі страшно, дві третіх, перші три, швидко йти, гарно читати).

Common features are also observed in the structural forms of word-groups in the contrasted languages. They are:

1. Simple or elemental word-groups which consist of two immediate components /ICs/ connected with the help of one grammatical means (synthetic or analytical): this book — these books, to see her; to read well; nice flowers; cotton yarn, people of rank; ця книжка — ці книжки, бачити її; гарно читати, дуже добре, зайти у фойє, вийти з метро.

2. Equally common in English and Ukrainian are word-groups of com plicated structure and grammatical form, i. e. with two ways of gram matical connection of their ICs or expressing different grammatical rela tions, eg: writing and reading letters (co-ordinate and analytical forms of connection), these books and magazines (synthetic and co-ordinate

connection), to see Mike driving a car (analytical and predicative) — ці книжки та журнали, застати двері зачиненими, бачити когось у метро, носити кімоно останньої моди.

There are also structurally more complicated free word-groups in both languages, eg: those long sentences for you to analyze and translate — ті довгі речення тобі для аналізу й перекладу. In this English word-group and its Ukrainian semantic equivalent one can identify different grammatical relations: a) attributive (those long sentences) and predicative (sentences for you to analyze). Besides, the ways of syntactic connection are different: subordination with synthetic agreement in the initial part (those long sentences) and co-ordination (to read and analyze) in the second part of the word-group. In the Ukrainian equivalent word-group there is no secondary predication available in the English variant. Hence, there is no mostly qualitative and quantitative correlation between the means of grammatical connection of different constituents in English vs. Ukrainian free word-groups. Since present-day English is mainly analytical by its structure, the predominant means of its grammatical connection in word-groups are naturally analytical. They are syndetic (prepositional) and asyndetic (syntactic placement). These two forms of analytical connection are very often of equal semantic relevance, as a result of which they are often interchangeable, as in the following substantival word-groups: