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Text C. NO-TILLAGE METHOD
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1. Planting corn and other row crops directly into sod is a new practice. More and more growers are using this easy and economical method of planting row crops.
2. The idea of planting row crops without plowing goes back to at least 1943. But no-tillage or zero-tillage1 remained largely experimental until several effective herbicides have been developed.
3. With the development of atrazine in the early 60s, zero-tillage system has been gradually gaining popularity.
4. Crops are planted in unprepared soil in a narrow seed furrow2 opened with a coulter3. Tilled area is only 2 to 3 inches wide. Using this tillage system one should be very careful in applying the proper amount of herbicides for weed control. They should include both a contact herbicide to kill early weeds or sod, and a residual4 herbicide.
5. At present the scientists agree that zero-tillage is quite a promising5 method but it will never fit all farms and all conditions.
Notes and Commentaries:
1zero-tillage – нульовий обробіток
2furrow – борозна
3coulter – ніж плуга, різак
4residual – пожнивний
5promising – перспективний
TEST-3
Choose the proper definition for each term:
| 1. tillage | a) cultivating land |
| 2. fertilizer | b) a systematic change of crops |
| 3. harvest | c) useless plant |
| 4. crop rotation | d) material for enriching land |
| 5. weed | e) ripe grain or fruit |
Complete the sentences with the necessary words:
6. The better soils are used for ….
a) management
b) organic matter
c) crops
7. When soils are used for crops or pasture their natural balance is ….
a) upset
b) avoided
c) yielded
8. … is one of the methods of soil conservation.
a) crop rotation
b) crop production
c) crop yield
9. … needs growing more than one crop on a farm.
a) farming
b) deterioration
c) rotation
10. Loss of organic matter is one of the reasons of ….
a) soil depletion
b) physical nature
c) diversification
11. Time almost doesn’t change ….
a) farming programme
b) soil fertility
c) virgin soils
12. The agricultural … remained unchanged since 19th century.
a) tools
b) productivity
c) management
13. … method is planting row crops directly into sod.
a) a scientific approach
b) a soil conservation
c) a no-tillage
14. No-tillage cannot be used without effective ….
a) ploughing
b) herbicides
c) weeds
15. The idea of no-till appeared in ….
a) 19th century
b) 1943
c) 18th century
16. In India they are … new multipurpose tilling machines.
a) develop
b) developed
c) developing
17. The country is … its food production through intensive land cultivation.
a) increasing
b) increased
c) increase
18. Small farms … producing the larger part of potato.
a) is
b) are
c) being
19. In 20th century the power tiller industry … overcoming great difficulties.
a) is
b) was
c) will
20. The second half of the last century was the time when farmers … popularising the no-till method on a large scale.
a) be
b) was
c) were
21. It is supposed that by the end of this century no-till … gaining popularity throughout the world.
a) is
b) will
c) will be
22. … the scientists continuously developing new methods of reclaiming wet soils?
a) do
b) be
c) are
23. … the productivity of farmlands increasing or decreasing during the end of the last century?
a) did
b) will be
c) was
24. The conference on raising soil productivity … this important problem for four days.
a) discuss
b) discussed
c) was discussing
25. We …ploughing for these two weeks because the soil is still too wet.
a) are not using
b) doesn’t use
c) didn’t use
| Unit 4 | 1. Field crops 2. Wheat 3. Perfect tenses |
Step 1
(speaking-reading-speaking-writing)
1.1. Read the following international words and find their Ukrainian equivalents:
application, group, benefit, principal, extract, practically, oil, cotton, practice, extensively, prehistoric, condition, adequate, correct, location, civilization, satisfied, culture.
1. 2. Study the new words:
| gruels | рідка (вівсяна) каша |
| malting | пивоваріння |
| buckwheat | гречка |
| millet | просо |
| porrige | каша |
| grapes | виноград |
| to supply | забезпечувати |
| provender | фураж |
| cattle | худоба |
| clover | конюшина |
| timothy | тимофіївка |
| alfalfa | люцерна |
| vetch | віка |
| swede | брюква |
| mangle | кормовий буряк |
| flax | льон |
| fine fiber | тонка тканина |
| linen | білизна |
| hemp | конопля |
| rough cloth | груба тканина |
| sacking | мішковина |
| sowing | посів |
| oil-cake | жмих |
| tuber crop | бульбова культура |
| cereal crop | зернова культура |
| seed-bed | грядка |
| depth | глибина |
| capping | щільна поверхня |
| crust | кірка |
| drilling | посів |
| stiff-strawed | твердий сорт |
| dressing | обробка |
| to mature | дозрівати |
| shelter | притулок |
| to cause | спричиняти |
| to increase | збільшувати |
| timber | деревина |
1.3. Compare the words, define their word-building means and translate:
– to depend – dependent – depending
– prime – primary – primitive
– to cultivate – cultivation
– important – importance
– to apply – application
– significant – significantly- significance
– to prepare – preparation
– nutrient – nutritive – nutrition
1.4. Use the following word-building means to form the new words, translate the words:
-ing: plant, depend, follow, include, make, feed, return, precede, produce, grow
in-: direct, dependent
1.5. Read and translate Text A and find out what are the groups of plants: