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Management science






Management Science - a discipline that studies the theoretical questions of management of organizations and people.

Management science became an independent branch of knowledge at the beginning of the 20h century. But management has been practised since ancient times When the first organizations appeared, there were people who led them. In different periods and in various countries the first leaders were emperors, kings, tsars, landlords generals, officers, governors of provinces slave-holders, different levels of supervisors, etc.

Ancient organizations were different from modern ones, but they had some common features.

Some historic events and people's activities contributed to the development of management studies.

Management science was born in the United States.

At present, different schools of management research. There are four major different approaches approaches to management:

- the approach of scientific management,

- the process approach

- the systems approach

- the contingency approach

The school of scientific management was finally formed, and became widely known in the early XX century. It is associated primarily with the names of F. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Mr. Emerson, Mr. Ford.

The creators of the school of scientific management proceeded from the fact that, using observation, measurement, logic and analysis, can be improved most of the operations manual labor, to achieve more effective implementation.

The process approach aims to increase business flexibility, reduce response time to market changes and external environment, the improvement of the performance of the organization. It is known for quite some time, but began to acquire popularity only recently, in a highly dynamic environment and competition.

The systems approach research began in the 1960s and in the 1970s turned into the system. Its emergence and development reflects the need, under certain conditions, the actual management of the background activity. Representatives of the school are the systems approach Laurence Pelosi, Woodward. Unforeseen Drucker School and representatives from the experience of Dell School (1954), there are two schools of origin and experience: interpersonal school (Mayo " interpersonal theory") and the classical school (Fayolle " general management").

The supporters of the contingency approach believe that managerial techniques are determined by many different factors within the organization and in the environment. Certain conditions demand suitable techniques. These techniques are different in different situations. The contingency approach expanded the practical application of the general systems theory All the schools of management have made a great contribution to the development of this science. Nowadays management studies are rapidly developing.

 


Management

 

“Management” has become a frequent word in business area. It’s a wide notion, but in general, management means organizing and coordinating a group of people for directing them towards accomplishing a goal. This process can include manipulation of various resources: human, financial, natural, technological, etc. Apart from organizing entities, management uses other functions, such as forecasting, planning, staffing, controlling, actuating, commanding. Speaking of its etymology, the word ‘manage’ has Italian roots. It means to handle something. People, who have the responsibility to manage small firms or large companies, are either directors or managers. These people have the authority to make decisions according the enterprise.

One of the most important functions, that management implements, is planning. At this stage managers set objectives and then think of strategies for achieving them. It involves the creation of a plan followed by intelligent behavior. When the objectives are set, managers prepare tasks and proceed to organizing them within various sections or departments. Next stage of management is commanding. At this stage the manager hands out the tasks to employees ad has the right to supervise whether the y are being carried out. Controlling is an important stage, when manager can bring some corrections to the individuals’ activities. He or she should make sure that performance is according to the plan. The final stage is coordinating, i.e. bringing together the results of collective work.

Most international companies have a three-leveled management system, which comprises of:

First-level managers

Middle-level managers

Top-level managers.

First-level managers focus on controlling and directing on the first place. This group includes supervisors or section leaders. Other than that, they can motivate employees and keep performance feedback. Middle-level managers are branch or department leaders, who are responsible for department’s function. They devote more time to organizing than lower management. Top-level managers are presented by the board of directors. Their responsibility is to control and oversee the performance of the whole organization. They try to follow the world economies, politics and broad competition.

 


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