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Complex Subject. Complex Subjectis used in the Passive Voice with the following verbs:to hear – слышать, to see – видеть
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| Construction | Example |
| Complex Subject noun (g. c.) (+ v.) + inf. pron. (n. c.) | They are said to have travelled lot. |
Complex Subject is used in the Passive Voice with the following verbs: to hear – слышать, to see – видеть, to find – находить, обнаруживать, to know – знать, to report – сообщать, to expect – ожидать, полагать, to consider – считать, рассматривать, to believe – полагать, to say – говорить, to suppose – предполагать.
Ex.: The delegation was reported to have already arrived.
The conference is believed to take place in Minsk.
Complex Subject is used in the Active Voice with the following verbs: to seem, to appear – казаться, to prove – оказаться, to happen – случаться, to turn out – оказаться and with the phrases: to be unlikely (likely) – маловероятно, to be sure (unsure) – определенно, безусловно, to be certain (uncertain) – определенно, наверняка.
Ex.: The dinner seems to be ready. The weather is not likely to change. They are sure to come.
Construction «for» + noun (pron.) + inf.
| Construction | Example |
| «for» + noun (pron.) + inf. | Everybody waited for the meeting to start. This is for you to decide. |
Unit 5. The Participle
Forms of the participle
| Active | Passive | |
| Participle I | delivering | being delivered |
| Participle II | delivered | |
| Perfect Participle | having delivered | having been delivered |
Functions of the participle
| 1. Attribute | Mother is looking at her sleeping child. |
| 2. Adverbial modifier а) of time b) of reason c) of manner or attendant circumstances | When asked he refused to answer the question. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous. Не was reading the newspaper sitting in the armchair. |
| 3. Part of the predicate | The plan is being discussed. All doors were locked. |
Participle constructions
| Construction | Example |
| Objective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (obj. c.) | We heard him playing the piano. I considered the work done. I had my books bound. |
| Subjective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (nom. c.) | Не was seen crossing the street. She was heard talking about it. Не was seen looking for something. |
| Absolute Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron. (nom. c.) | It being warm, we went for a walk. Radio was invented in 1895, the inventor being the Russian scientist. |
Unit 6. The Gerund
Forms of the gerund
| Active | Passive | |
| Gerund | shipping | being shipped |
| Perfect Gerund | having shipped | having been shipped |