Прочитайте и переведите текст. Laws generally reflect and promote a society's val­ues

LAW AND MORAL

Laws generally reflect and promote a society's val­ues. Our legal system is influenced by our society's tra­ditional ideas of right and wrong. For example, laws against murder reflect the moral belief that killing another person is wrong. Most people would condemn murder regardless of what the law said. However, not everything that is immoral is also illegal. For example, lying to a friend may be immoral but is seldom illegal.

We expect our legal system to achieve many goals. These include (1) protecting basic human rights, (2) promoting fairness, (3) helping resolve conflicts, (4) promoting order and stability, (5) protecting the environment, (6) representing the will of the majori­ty, and (7) protecting the rights of minorities.

Many of society's most difficult problems involve conflicts among these goals. For example, in trying to make up for past discrimination, some laws give pref­erence to minorities over whites or to women over men. Laws must balance rights with responsibilities, the will of the majority with the rights of the minori­ty, the need for order with the need for basic free­dom. Reasonable people sometimes disagree over how the law can protect the rights of some without violat­ing the rights of others.

Laws can be based on moral, economic, political, or social values. As values change, so can laws. Moral val­ues deal with fundamental questions of right and wrong. For example, laws against killing promote so­ciety's primary moral value—the protection of life. Economic values deal with the accumulation, pres­ervation, use, and distribution of wealth. Political values reflect the relationship between government and individuals.

Social values concern issues that are important to society. Many laws combine moral, economic, political, and social values. For example, laws against theft deal with the moral issue of stealing, the economic issue of pro-tection of property, the political issue of how govern­ment punishes those who violate criminal statutes, and the social issue of respecting the property of others.

1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты для следующих слов и выражений:

отражать и обеспечивать ценности общества, осуждать убийство, незаконный, защищать права человека, разрешить конфликт, обеспечить порядок и стабильность, защищать окружающую среду, большинство/меньшинство, отдавать предпочтение, сбалансировать права и обязанности, нарушать пра­ва, защита жизни, при определенных обстоятель­ствах, самооборона, льготы по налогообложению, участие, бесплатное государственное образование

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What do laws reflect and promote?

2. What influences our legal system? How?

3. What goals do we expect our legal system to achieve?

4. Why can laws change when values do?

5. What do economic values deal with?

6. What is difference between political and social values?

Ответьте на вопросы исходя из данных ниже просьб.

Helen, open the window, please.

1. What’s Helen doing?

2. What has she done?

3. Who has opened the window?

4. What did she do a minute ago?

4. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную видо-временную форму:

1. The convict (to appeal) against the decision of the judge already.

2. The High Court (to dismiss) the prisoner’s appeal last week.

3. It (to rain) since early morning.

4. John is very tired as he (to translate) an article for four hours.

5. What is the barrister doing? – He (to prepare) to argue the case.

6. The defense counsel (to make) a speech at the trial.