International law

International law (also called PUBLIC INTERNA­TIONAL LAW, or LAW OF NATIONS) is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community).

Like precepts of international morality, the rules of international law are of a normative character; that is, they prescribe standards of conduct. They distinguish themselves, however, from moral rules by being, at least potentially, designed for authoritative interpretation by an independent judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions.

International law means public international law as distinct from private international law or the conflict of laws, which deals with the differences between the municipal laws of different countries.

International law forms a contrast to municipal law. While international law applies only between entities that can claim international personality, municipal law is the internal law of states that regulates the conduct of individuals and other legal entities within their jurisdiction.

International law should also be distinguished from quasi-international law, which is the law governing relations similar to those covered by international -law but outside the pale of international law because at least one of the parties lacks international personality. Concession agreements between oil companies and sovereign states fall into this category. In case of doubt, ^: they are subject to the municipal law of the state granting the concession.

Transnational law is a purely negative term. It is intended to convey that, in accordance with the intention of contracting parties, a transaction of a consensual character is not or should not be subject to municipal law These are the forms in which rules of international law come into existence; i.e., treaties, rules of interna­tional customary law, and general principles of law rec­ognized by civilized nations.'

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Ответьте на вопросы.

1) What is international law?

2) What are the rules of international law?

3) Does it from a contrast to municipal law?

4) What is guasi - international law?

5) Are there any forms in which rules of international law come into existence?