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Choose correct titles to paragraphs. Add necessary sentences. Put them in order
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1. Conditions and requirements for type of roof’s pitch. 2. Characteristics of roofs. 3. This type is formed with one slope. 4.This tends to prevent the spread of the rafters.5. Purpurse of the inclination.
Finish these statements choosing the correct variant. Prove your opinion
1. A roof is constructed over the enclosed space…
a) to be well framed
b) to be built varying in inclination
c) to give strength to the structure.
2. The flat roofs are often used…
a) for covering
b) for leasure
c) to be less than span
3. The inclination of the roof is made…
a) less than 1/4 of the span b)the pitch c)flat to economize materials.
4. Shed roofs are formed…
a) with one slope b)12 feet in span c)to introduce purlines
5. Couple roofs are composed…
a) depending for stability upon the abutment
b) by fixing the ends of the ceiling
c) for outhouses
6. Collar roofs…
a) exeed 8 feet in length b)prevent the spread of the rafter c)fix their feet to wall plates
7. Couple-close roofs are used…
a)to considerable bending stress b)to stiffen the rafters c) to prevent thrusting out walls
8. Purlin roofs
a) stiffen the rafters b)butt against a ridge piece c) do not tie
Using information from the previous ex. speak briefly about all types of roofs.
Tasks before reading:
Define correct translation to English words. Explain their meaning
| obligue thrust solid hollow girder truss partition retaining foregoing cane adobe rubble block in course ashlar thinly-beded random scabbling sawn wrought rod woven wire shear cavity cubicle sawdust plaster wood wool dressed | давление, упор удерживающий саман случайный пустой, полый прежде упомянутый блочная кладка кладка из облицовочного камня обработанный окалывающий пустотный наклонный косой прут, стержень сплошной, твердый распиленный перегородка бутовая (каменная) кладка штукатурка ригель, балка тонкослоистый сварочный поперечная сила ячейка ферма, рама древесно-волокнистый тростник витая проволка древесные опилки |
Compose correct word combinations from both columns. Try to guess their meaning
| obligue solid hollow foregoing rubble block in course ashlar thinly-bedded scabbling reinforced cavity partinion sawdust wood-wool asbestos | wall material stone thrust hammer brick work concrete |
Read the text. Find words characterizing all kinds of walls
Walls
Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of floors, roofs, earth or water. They are classified as follows:
a) walls to resist vertical pressures,
b) walls to resist oblique thrusts.
The first section of heading includes all house walls, solid or hollow, supporting single floors, and couple close raftered roofs. The second section includes all walls carrying the girders of framed floors and the trusses of framed roofs. Inside walls serve as partitions or divisions for several rooms inside the dwelling. Inside walls may or may not support other parts of the structure.
An outside wall rests directly on the foundation wall forming a bearing unit for the upper floors and the roof and an enclosure for entire inner construction. Outside walls are made of wood, steel (for retaining walls), brick, stone, concrete blocks or concrete, or combination of two or three of the foregoing materials, cane and adobe.
Classification of Stone Walling. — This is classified as follows:
1) Rubble.
2) Block-in-Course.
3) Ashlar.
Rubble walls are those built of thinly-bedded stone, generally under 9 inches in depth, of irregular shapes as in common or random rubble, or squared as in coursed rubble.
Block-in-Course is composed of squared stones usually larger than coursed rubble, and under 12 inches in depth.
Ashlar is the stone from 12 to 18 inches deep, dressed with a scabbling hammer, or sawn to bl.ocks of given dimensions and carefully worked to obtain fine joints.
Reinforced Brickwork.— -It is brickwork which- has been strengthened by the introduction of steel or wrought iron in the form of either flat or rod bars, woven wire or expanded metal. Such brickwork is capable of resisting tensile and
shear stresses, in addition to compressive stress.
Cavity Walls.— This type of construction is now very common and is generally preferred to solid wall construction for many types of buildings, especially houses. A cavity wall is usually an external wall. It consists of two separate walls of brickwork, having a cavity between, and connected together by metal ties.
Partitions are walls which are used to divide buildings into rooms, corridors and cubicles. They also often act as deep trusses to support the joists of floors, purlins and ceiling joists of roofs, etc. Partitions may be classified under following: timber, clay and terra-cotta, concrete, sawdust concrete, plaster, wood-wool cement, asbestos-cement, and metal.
Tasks after reading:
16. Answer following questions to the text:
1. Explain the purpose of construction walls. 2. How are walls classified? 3. What does this devision mean? 4. What are differences between inside and outside walls? 5. What is classification of stone walling?