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Solid biomass
Solid biomass is commonly used directly as a combustible fuel, in Biomass Fuelled Power Plants producing 10-20 MJ/kg of heat. Its forms and sources include wood fuel, the biogenic portion of municipal solid waste, or the unused portion of field crops. Field crops may or may not be grown intentionally as energy crop, and the remaining plant byproduct used as a fuel. Most types of biomass contain energy. Even cow manure still contains two-thirds of the original energy consumed by the cow. Energy harvesting via a bioreactor is a cost-effective solution to the waste disposal issues faced by the dairy farmer, and can produce enough biogas to run a farm. With current technology, solid biomass doesn’t suit to be used as a transport fuel. Most vehicles require energy sources with high power density, such as that provided by internal combustion engines. These engines generally require clean burning fuel, which is generally in liquid form, and to a lesser extent, compressed gaseous phase. Liquids are more preferred because they can have a high energy density, and they can be pumped, which makes handling easier. Non-transport applications can usually tolerate the low power-density of external combustion engines that can run directly on less-expensive solid biomass fuel, for combined heat and power. The first type of biomass is wood, which has been used for ages. Two billion people currently cook every day and heat their houses in winter burning biomass, which is a main contribution to man-made climate change global warming. The black soot carried from Asia to polar ice caps cause them to melt faster in summer. In the 19th century wood-fired steam engines were common, contributing significantly to industrial revolution of air pollution. Coal is a form of biomass that has been used for ages to produce non-renewable, highly-polluting fossil fuel. Wood and its byproducts can now be converted by means of gasification into bio-fuel such as wood-gas, biogas, methanol or ethanol fuel; although further development may be required to make these methods affordable and practical. Sugar cane residue, wheat chaff, corn cobs and other plant matter can be burnt quite successfully. Processes to harvest biomass from trees like poplars and willows and perennial grasses require less frequent cultivation and less nitrogen than do typical annual crops. Pelletizing miscanthus and burning it to generate electricity is being studied and may be economically viable.
Ex. 3 Answer the following questions: 1) In what way can biomass be used?
1) Wood and its... can now be converted by means of …into woodgas, biogas, methanol or ethanol fuel. (Benefit, photosynthesis, manure, sources, wood, waste, sorghum, byproducts, gasification, reduction, virgin). Ex. 6 Find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
Ex. 7 Find the Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
Ex.9 Make up sentences from two parts:
1) Sugar cane residue (to use) as bio-fuel. Ex. 11 Speak on the following topics: 1) The advantages of liquid fuel. Ex.12 Retell the text.
Ex. 1 Rambler the following words: dryer –сушильный аппарат (сушилка) Ex.2 Read and translate the text:
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