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Conception of Manliness in Aristotle’s Ethics






We shall draw attention to the conception of manliness in Aristotle’s ethics. The starting point is Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Our purpose is to actualize the Stagirite’s conception of manliness and the courageous man and to compare it with that of Plato who was the first to consider the phenomenon of manliness through the optics of philosophy. Manliness is one of the principal human und political virtues that’s why its analysis brings us necessarily to considering manliness and the courageous behavior within the context of virtue as such and its capacity to be taught. We admit that Aristotle’s conception of manliness and the courageous man differs from its platonic counterpart. This difference and its reasons will be elucidated. The theme of manliness will be set in a wider context which includes a series of concepts of great importance such as Virtue, Intelligence, Friendship.

 

[10] Roman Platonov

Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences

Moscow State University, Russian Federation

Aristotle against the “Fear of Pascal”: an Irrational Basis of Conscious Choice (π ρ ο α ί ρ ε σ ι ς)

The report is planned to consider the conditions of free human action, according to Aristotle. In this regard, it will be stated that a human being is changeable by nature, which makes it able to consciously choose and do different things. In order to understand human action it is essential to relate the different components of our nature. In turn, Aristotle sets the rational and irrational parts of human soul, but the role of the mind as a discursive and deliberative ability remains, our reason has to be a guide of all activity, the human action is a conscious process, but is not fully rational.

In this connection is fair to ask whether the human action is transparent for itself, whether our activity is always rational and controlled by our mind.

Non-rational component of the decision also demonstrates the real freedom of individuality. If our choice completely calculated, then the decision will be a kind of mathematical formula. Decision-making would become a real science in the sense of positivism philosophy. Then the man himself would be only the machine / calculator, and so will be justified the fear of Blaise Pascal concerning the transformation of human nature into a mathematical theorem.

Thus, Aristotle created an ethical harmony that could be the cure for fear of Pascal. Aristotle accepts and works with the whole complexity of human nature, where our arbitrariness is not simply arbitrary, and the right to make a mistake - a pledge of human independence and our responsibility.

 

[11] Tatyana Bazuleva

St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation


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