Aquired immune deficiency syndrom

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

HIV infection in humans is considered pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). HIV infects about 0, 6 % of the world’s population. Nearly 33, 4 million people worldwide, including 2, 1 million children are living with HIV/AIDS nowadays.

Two main strains of the HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2, cause AIDS. HIV-1 is more common in the Western Hemisphere, Europe, Asia and most of Africa. Most untreated people infected with HIV-1 eventually leads to AIDS. These individuals mostly die from opportunistic infections or malignant tumours associated with the progressive failure of the immune system. HIV-2 is more prevalent in West Africa: it is transmitted less easily and progresses less quickly to AIDS than HIV-1.In both strains, the virus may persist at low levels for years in a host without causing disease. The only sign of infection will be the presence of antibodies against the virus. Once immunodeficiency occurs, if left untreated, death usually follows within 2 to 3 years of the first onset of symptoms. The HIV itself doesn’t kill the patient. It destroys the immune system, leaving the patient susceptible to other diseases, especially certain types of cancer and pneumonia. These diseases are the immediate causes of death.

HIV infects a specific type of cells called a T helper, but mainly it attacks T helper cells that have a protein known as CD4. This kind of cells is essential in triggering the immune system to infections or other foreign materials. After enough CD4 cells are destroyed, the body is no longer able to fight off infection or destroy cancerous cells.

Transmission. The AIDS virus is transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood, breast milk, etc. Casual contact with the infected person doesn’t result in the transmission of the virus. The most efficient methods of HIV transmission include sexual, sharing needles for IV drugs, and receiving transfusions of contaminated blood or blood products. An infected mother may pass the virus to her unborn child. Susceptibility to HIV infection increases if there is a break in the skin or mucous membrane, which allows the virus to enter the blood stream.

The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency and AIDS. During 2-4 weeks post-exposure a person may develop an influenza-like illness called HIV acute infection the symptoms of which may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, pharyngitis, rash etc and last for several weeks. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms at all and can last from 2 weeks to 20 years. AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection, is defined by low CD4+T cells count, various opportunistic infections and cancers.

Exercise 6. Match the English word-combinations with their equivalents:

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What is AIDS?

2. What are the two main strains of HIV?

3. What is the difference between these two strains?

4. What organs does HIV damage?

5. Why can’t the infected organism fight off infections?

6. How is HIV transmitted?

7. What are the stages of HIV infection?

8. What symptoms and diseases is AIDS characterized by?

Exercise 8. Match English word combinations with their definitions:

Exercise 9. Find synonyms to the following words and word-combinations in the text:

Insufficiency, to spread, neoplasm, damage, perspiration, medicine, high temperature, grippe, potentially fatal disease, liable to diseases, to get, vulnerable, eruptions.

Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box:

AIDS is the worst sexually … disease. It is caused by …, which attacks the immune system. The … system plays an important role in fighting off the diseases. HIV is transmitted through direct contact with the … person’s bodily fluids. HIV is also transmitted by … of contaminated blood. HIV reduces the … function of the immune system. When the immune system breaks down, the person will suffer many infections called … infections. This is the last stage of HIV infection which is called ….

Exercise 11. Translate the parts of a sentence given in italics:

1. Ryan White – the 1st teenager patient who was infected with AIDS when отримував переливання зараженої крові as part of his treatment.

2. AIDS doesn’t kill the patients, they помирають від злоякісних пухлин or different infections.

3. HIV destroys T helper cells that запускають імунну систему to infections.

4. HIV causes розлад роботи імунної системи that makes it схильний до інших захворювань.

5. The standard HIV test detects наявність антитіл проти вірусу.

6. Many years may pass since the initial infection before перша проява симптомів.

7. AIDS is characterized by опортуністичними інфекціями, such as cancers, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.

8. Once the immunodeficiency occurs, загрозливі для життя інфекції may appear that can be fatal for a person with the weakened immune system.

Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions from the box:

Sharing and reusing syringes contaminated … HIV infected blood represents a major risk for infection with HIV. Needle sharing is the cause … one third of all new HIV infections … North America, China and Eastern Europe. The risk … being infected with HIV from a single prick … a needle that has been used on an HIV infected person is thought to be about 1 in 150. Post-exposure prophylaxis … anti-HIV drugs can further reduce the risk. This rout can also affect people who give and receive tattoo and piercing.

According … the WHO, the overwhelming majority … the world population does not have access … safe blood and between 5% and 10% of the world’s HIV infections come … transfusions of infected blood and blood products.

Exercise 13. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the use of tenses:

1. HIV-1 occurs more often in the Western Hemisphere, Europe, Asia and most of Africa.

2. The patient was diagnosed HIV-1 infection 12 years ago.

3. Before admission to the hospital, the patient had not been in medical care for approximately 6 months.

4. The patient discontinued antiretroviral and antihypertensive medication.

5. The blood analysis will be made in half an hour on an empty stomach.

6. The only medication, that he is taking, is Dapsone for prophylaxis.

7. The patient has just been brought into the postoperative ward.

8. The patient has been suffering from unexplained fatigue for several weeks.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets and translate the sentences:

1. The physician said that previous sanatorium treatment (to be) helpful.

2. The patient said he never (to experience) such an acute pain before.

3. The patient can’t be discharged from the hospital because he not (to recover) yet.

4. The doctor (to write) a prescription when a nurse (to open) the door and (to ask) what injection to make.

5. He (to loose) consciousness and (to moan) all the time.

6. The doctor (to make) a diagnosis after he gets the findings of your blood test.

7. The administration (to change), if he doesn’t feel better tomorrow.

8. Water-soluble vitamins (to excrete) out of the body within one day.

Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined phrases:

1. Patients with HIV are administered antiretroviral drugs.

2. Symptoms vary with the severity of the inflammation.

3. We had to take the patient for an operation immediately to prevent the rupture of the appendix.

4. The patient had a slightly elevated body temperature.

5. The effectiveness of the immune system will slowly be reduced by HIV.

6. The viruses have produced substances that weaken the immune system.

7. Scientists are observing AIDS in an increasing number of infants.

8. As symptoms had been present for a long time, the patient was administered antibiotics.

Exercise 16. Translate into English:

1. СНІД, або Синдро́ м набу́ того імунодефіци́ ту — тяжке інфекційне захворювання, спричинене вірусом імунодефіциту людини.

2. ВІЛ уражає імунну систему людини та знижує протидію організму захворюванням.

3. СНІД не є смертельною хворобою, але його вірус в організмі впливає на імунну систему й навіть простий нежить може призвести до смерті.

4. ВІЛ може передатися при незахищеному статевому контакті.

5. ВІЛ може передаватися через кров: переливання зараженої крові, використання брудних шприців, тощо.

6. ВІЛ може передаватися від ВІЛ-позитивної матері до дитини під час вагітності, пологів або годування груддю.

7. Період «вікна» — час, коли ВІЛ присутній у крові людини, але аналіз на антитіла до нього ще є негативним.

8. Період «вікна» становить від двох до шести місяців й людина може передавати вірус іншим.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів

Test

1. AIDS progressively … the effectiveness of the immune system.

a) increases b) improves c) reduces d) strengthens e) aggravates

2. HIV is transmitted through ….

a) direct contact and patient’s things b) respiratory tract

c) blood, semen and breast milk d) animal’s bites

e) bites of mosquitoes

3. There are … stages of HIV infection recognized.

a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d) 5 e) 7

4. The … stage leads eventually to an AIDS diagnosis.

a) initial b) latent c) infectious d) acute e) serious

5. HIV infection in humans is considered … by the World Health Organization.

a) endemic b) epidemic c) pandemic d) non-infectious e) all variants

6. People with AIDS die mostly of ….

a) constant fever b) tuberculosis c) opportunistic infections

d) respiratory tract infections e) pneumonia

7. … is more common in the Western Hemisphere, Europe, Asia and most of Africa.

a) AIDS b) HIV c) HIV-1 d) HIV – 2 e) Hepatitis

8. HIV infects a specific type of cells called ….

a) a T helper b) CD-4 c) RNA d) DNA e) HIV

9. … is transmitted less easily and progresses less quickly to AIDS.

a) HIV b) HIV – 1 c) HIV – 2 d) AIDS e) all variants

10. Many people are unaware that they are infected with HIV because ….

a) they don’t apply to a doctor b) the latent period is long

c) they don’t make blood tests d) they don’t take about their health

e) all variants are true

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read the following transcriptions. Write them in words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

[in'fekʃ ə s], [ə 'kɛ: ], ['vairə s], [ai'denti'fai], ['reindƷ ], ['kof], [sə b'said], ['noutisə bl], [ri'li: v], [ǽ nti'baiə utik], ['fri: kwentli], [ǽ nti'vairə lz], [i'mju: n], [ris'pairə tə ri], [ə 'souʃ ieit], ['bri: ð iŋ ], [prə 'dʌ ktiv], [ə 'proksimə tli].

Exercise 3. Match the English word combinations with their Ukrainian euivalents and use them in the sentences of your own:

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text: