Ко-тримаксозол

Group: sulphanylamide preparation (co-trimoxazole and its analogues).

The mechanism of action is due to double blocking effect on the metabolism of bacteria. Sulfamethoxazole, which is similar in structure to PABA, captured microbial cell and prevents the inclusion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid molecule. Trimethoprim reversibly inhibits dihydrofolate bacteria violates the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolic, formation of purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids; inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms.

Effects: Combined preparation containing two active substances - sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim -. The combination of these two agents, each of which exerts a bacteriostatic effect, provides a pronounced bactericidal activity (which is associated with a double locking effect on metabolism of bacteria) against Gram (+) and Gram (-) m, including bacteria resistant to drugs sulfonamide. Koh trimaksozol active against staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, bacillus dysentery, typhoid fever, E. coli, Proteus; ineffective Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spirochetes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

indication to use: When respiratory tract infections (chronic bronchitis, empyema, lung abscesses) biliary and urinary tract infections (urethritis, cystitis, chronic pyelonephritis, prostatitis), stomach (shigellosis dysentery, salmonellosis, cholera), and surgical wound infections, infections of upper respiratory tract (acute otitis media, sinusitis and rhinitis), osteomyelitis, meningitis, acute brucellosis, malaria, whooping cough, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis,.

Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, allergic reactions, nephropathy, leukopenia, agranulocytosis..

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, diseases of the hematopoietic system, liver damage and kidney failure, pregnancy and premature babies and newborns.

Ethambutol

Pharmacotherapeutic group:

Other anti-TB drugs

Ethambutol has a bacteriostatic effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mechanism of action is associated with bystrymproniknoveniem inside the cell, where disturbed lipid metabolism, RNA synthesis, bind magnesium ions and copper; disrupted the structure of ribosomes and protein synthesis in bacterial cells. Ethambutol is used in combination with other anti-TB drugs, because drug resistance develops rapidly.

Indications for use

tuberculosis of the lungs and other organs (in combination therapy)

side effects

metallic taste in the mouth, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

fever

leukopenia

headaches, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, convulsions, depression

peripheral neuritis (paresthesias in the extremities, numbness, paresis, itching), optic neuritis

deterioration of visual acuity, impaired color vision (mostly green and red), the restriction of the central and peripheral poleyzreniya, the occurrence of cattle

increasing the level of uric acid in blood serum yavleniyamochekislogo diathesis

arthritis

increased cough, increased sputum

Бензилпенициллина натрий

Group: Antibiotics, penicillin, natural, depot preparations

Mechanism of action: Inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan cell walls of microorganisms.

Pharm. Effect: Bactericidal antibiotic from the group of biosynthetic (" natural ") penicillins. Inhibits the synthesis of cell walls of microorganisms. Active against Gram-positive pathogens: Staphylococci (uneducated penicillinase), streptococci, pneumococci, Corynebacterium diphtheria, anaerobic spore-forming rods, sticks anthrax, Actinomyces spp.; Gram-negative organisms: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, as well as against Treponema spp., gonococci, meningococci and against spirochaetes. Inactive against most Gram-negative bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoa. By the action of the drug -resistant strains of microorganisms penitsillinazoobrazuyuschie. Destroyed in an acid medium. Benzylpenicillin procaine salt compared to the potassium and sodium salts, characterized by a longer duration of action.

Indication to use: Bacterial infections caused by susceptible pathogens: lobar and lobular pneumonia, empyema, bronchitis; sepsis, bacterial endocarditis (acute and subacute), peritonitis; meningitis; osteomyelitis; infections of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, pyelitis, cystitis, urethritis, gonorrhea, ophthalmia, syphilis, cervicitis), biliary tract (cholangitis, cholecystitis); wound infection, infection of skin and soft tissue: erysipelas, impetigo, secondarily infected dermatoses; diphtheria; scarlet fever; anthrax; actinomycosis; ENT diseases, eye diseases.

Side effect: Allergic reactions (pyrexia, rash, skin rash, rash on the mucous membranes, arthralgia, eosinophilia, angioedema, interstitial nephritis, bronchospasm); rare - anaphylactic shock. For the sodium salt - reduced pumping function of the myocardium; for the potassium salt - arrhythmias, heart failure, hyperkalemia. When Endolyumbalno introduction - neurotoxic reactions include nausea, vomiting, increased reflex excitability, meningeal symptoms, convulsions, coma.

Оксациллина натрий

Group: Antibiotic, a semisynthetic penicillin

Mechanism of action: Inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan cell walls of microorganisms.

Pharm. Effect: Bactericidal antibiotic from the group of semi-synthetic penicillin, resistant to the action of penicillinase. Blocks the synthesis of bacterial cell wall due to violation of the later stages of peptidoglycan synthesis (prevents the formation of peptide bonds by inhibiting the transpeptidase), dividers cause lysis of bacterial cells. Active against gram-positive microorganisms: Staphylococcus spp. (including penicillinase -producing), Streptococcus spp., including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bacillus anthracis, anaerobic spore-forming rods, Gram-negative cocci (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis), Actinomyces spp., Treponema spp. Inactive against most Gram-negative bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoa, fungi. Resistance develops slowly.

Indication to use: Infectious diseases caused by Gram-positive microorganisms, producing and not producing penicillinase (sepsis, abscess, cellulitis, cholecystitis, pyelitis, cystitis, osteomyelitis, post-surgical, wound infections, infected burns, bacterial endocarditis, meningitis, sinusitis).

Side effect: Allergic reactions (itching, hives, rarely - angioedema, bronchospasm, in rare cases, anaphylactic shock, eosinophilia), dyspepsia (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); pseudomembranous enterocolitis, oral candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis; hepatotoxic effects - often develops when administered at a dose higher than 6 g / day (pyrexia, nausea, vomiting, yellow skin or sclera, increased activity of " liver" enzymes); hematuria, proteinuria, interstitial nephritis. At / in the introduction - thrombophlebitis.

Тетрациклины (тетрациклин, метациклина гидрохлорид, доксициклина гидрохлорид)

Group:

• Reserve antibiotics

• Broad spectrum of action: gram positive and gram negative cocci, bacillary dysentery, especially dangerous infections - plague, tularemia, brucellosis, cholera; rickettsia; Chlamydia; some protozoan

• Do not act on mycobacteria, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi, viruses

• Connect 2-valent metals to form chelates, inhibit enzyme systems

Mechanism of action: Inhibit protein synthesis of the microbial cell at the ribosomes level Pharm. Effect: Inhibits the synthesis of proteins in microbial cell. Has a bacteriostatic effect. Active against most gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, spirochetes leptospira, rickettsiae, large viruses (pathogens trachoma, psittacosis), some protozoa (Trichomonas, amoeba, etc.).

Indication to use: Actinomycosis, plague, tularemia, rickettsiosis, psittacosis, brucellosis, anthrax, cholera, psittacosis, trachoma, acne, bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, pneumonia mycoplasmal, chlamydial, pneumococcal, syphilis, chlamydial infections of urogenital organs, biliary tract infections gonorrhea, malaria, purulent meningitis

Side effect: The main side effects - irritant, hepatotoxic effects, impaired formation of the skeleton, staining and damage to the teeth, teratogenic action, disbacteriosis

Стрептомицина сульфат

Group: aminoglycosides of I generation

Mechanism of action: Bind to ribosomes, which leads to irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis; fixed on the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria, violate their permeability, the cell loses potassium ions, amino acids, nucleotides

Pharm. Effect: Has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as most Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, pneumobaccillus, influenza bacillus, Yersinia pestis, tularemia, brucellosis) and some Gram-positive (Staphylococcus) bacteria; less active against streptococci, pneumococci. Bactericidal effect.

Indication to use: Tuberculosis various sites (including tuberculous meningitis) in combination with other anti-agents, venereal granuloma, tularemia, brucellosis, plague, bacterial endocarditis (in combination with benzylpenicillin, ampicillin or vancomycin), intestinal infections, and urinary tract infection (after the susceptibility).

Side effect: The main side effects – ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, curarelike action, respiratory disorders, irritant effect

Хлорамфеникол (Левомицетин)

Group: Antibiotics, chloramphenicol

Mechanism of action: disrupt the protein synthesis on ribosomes

Pharm. Effect: Reserve antibiotics.

Broad spectrum of action: gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including the family of intestinal bacteria, bacillus of influenza, especially dangerous infections - cholera, tularemia, brucellosis, Rickettsia.

Do not act on mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, protozoa, fungi, small viruses

Indication to use: For ingestion: infectious-inflammatory diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to chloramphenicol, including: typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, brucellosis, tularemia, whooping cough, typhus and other rickettsioses; trachoma, pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, osteomyelitis.

For external use: purulent skin lesions, boils, long-term healing sores, burns, II and III, cracked nipples in breastfeeding women.

For topical use in ophthalmology: inflammatory eye disease.

Side effect: the main side effects:

- irritant effect (nausea, diarrhea, anorectal syndrome)

- inhibition of hematopoiesis (reticulocytopenia, granulocytopenia, aplastic anemia)

- disbacteriosis

- in infants and children 1 month of life - cardiovascular collapse

Линкомицина гидрохлорид

Group: Antibiotics, Lincosamides

Mechanism of action: inhibit protein synthesis on ribosomes

Pharm. Effect: Active against gram-positive organisms; Gram-negative bacteria and fungi are not active. At therapeutic concentrations, has a bacteriostatic (inhibits bacterial growth) effect. Well absorbed. The maximum concentration in the blood is reached within 2-4 hours after administration. Penetrates into the bone tissue.

Indication to use: Staphylococcal infections; septic processes (disease associated with the presence of microbes in the blood); osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone) caused by penicillin-resistant pathogens.

Side effect: pseudomembranous colitis (dysbacteriosis), allergic reactions, liver damage, leukopenia

25) Sulfonamide

1.Group- Sulfonamide, synthetic antimicrobial agents

2.Mechanism:

In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, but do not kill them.

3.Pharmacological effect:

-bacteriostatic

Sufficiently broad.

Bacteria: pathogenic cocci, intestinal group of especially dangerous infections: cholera, plague, diphtheria.

Chlamydia: Trachoma, the causative agent of inguinal lymphogranuloma.

Actinomycetes: drugs inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens that cause systemic mycoses.

Simple: toxoplasmosis.

- anticonvulsant (sultiame)

- sulfonylureas

- diuretics (thiazide)

4.Indication to use:

-Frequently administered in combination with antibiotics.

-Urinary tract infection.

-Biliary tract infections.

-Infection of upper respiratory tract.

-Infection bronchopulmonary system.

-Intestinal infections (particularly toxoplasmosis, malaria).

-Wound infection.

5.Side effects:

-urinary tract disorders

-haemopoietic disorders

-porphyria

- hypersensitivity reactions

26) Metronidazole

1.Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial

2.Inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid of an microorganism

3.Pharmacological action:

-antimicrobial

- antibacterial(Bacteroides fragilis, spp, Fusobacterium spp, Clostridium spp, Peptostreptococcus spp and Prevotella spp)

-antiprotozoal

-trihomonacidic

-antiulcer (eradicate Helicobacter pylori)

-anti-alcoholic

4.Indication to use:

-bacterial vaginosis

-pelvic inflammatory disease (along with other antibacterials like ceftriaxone)

-pseudomembranous colitis

- aspiration pneumonia

- rosacea (topical)

- fungating wounds (topical)

-intra-abdominal infections

- lung abscess

-gingivitis

- amoebiasis

-giardiasis

-trichomoniasis

- infections caused by susceptible anaerobic organisms

5.Side effects:

Nausea, diarrhoea, weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, dizziness and metallic taste in the mouth. High doses and/or long-term systemic treatment with metronidazole is associated with the development of leucopenia, neutropenia, increased risk of peripheral neuropathy and CNS toxicity.

Common adverse drug reaction associated with topical metronidazole therapy include local redness, dryness and skin irritation; and eye watering (if applied near eyes).

27) Chingaminum

1.Antimalaric

2. Chingamin quickly causes the death of the asexual erythrocytic forms of all kinds of parasites (malaria parasites in the stage of development in human erythrocytes). There is also gametocidic (destroys sexual forms of malaria).

3.Pharm effect:

-antiprotozoal

-anti-inflammatory

-immunodepressant

4.Indications:

- the treatment or prevention of malaria

- rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus

5.Side effects:

· gastrointestinal problems

· stomach ache

· itch

· headache

· postural hypotension

· nightmares and blurred vision.

28)Interferon

1.Immunostumulator

2.Activates macrophages, T-lymphocytes and killers

3.Pharm effect:

-immunostimulating

-antiproliferative

-antiviral

4.Indication to use:

-viral infections

-tumors

5.Side effects:

-fever, headache, myalgia, weakness

-loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

-increasing of pressure, arythmia

-slepness

-depressions

29) Midantan

1. antiviral and an antiparkinsonian drug.

2. Amantadine is a weak antagonist of the NMDA type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake.

3.Pharm effect:

-antiparkinsonian

-n-cholinolytic

4.Indication to use:

- Parkinson's disease

- Influenza

- chronic fatigue experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis

- antidepressant therapy

5.Side effects:

-Nervousness

-anxiety

-agitation

- insomnia

-difficulty in concentrating

-exacerbations of pre-existing seizure disorders and

-psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease

-Stevens Johnson Syndrome

-suicidal ideation

-Livedo reticularis

30) Ethyl alcohol

1.Antiseptic drug

2. increasing the activity of GABA receptors.

3.Pharm effect:

-Pharmacologically ethyl alcohol relates to narcotics.

- alcoholic excitement, which is replaced by the weakening processes in the crust, depressed function of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata

-suppression of the respiratory center

-Drinking alcohol inside violates basic vital functions.

-local irritant

-reflex

-resorptive (developing as a result of absorption in the blood) effect

-antimicrobial effects (bactericidal)

-Astringent

-tanning

-cauterizing effect

-Alcohol inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins (biologically active substances), so inhibits motility of the myometrium (muscle layer of the uterus contractility).

4.Indication to use:

-external antiseptic (decontamination)

-irritant for rubdowns, compresses, etc

- dilutions for making tinctures, extracts and medical forms for external use.

-defoamer in pulmonary edema

-prevent preterm birth.

5.Side effects:

Inhalation may cause irritation of the respiratory tract. With repeated application tolerance can develops (weakening or lack of effect).