Unit 9 Modern computer technologies

Ш Text A: «OPERATING SYSTEMS»

When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instruc­tions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instruc­tions for working with hardware devices were very com­plex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.

Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store infor­mation in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

Unit 9

DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system, DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they in­crease the version number.

Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programmes. NT re­quires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 proces­sor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The ad­vantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes bet­ter use of the PC's memory management capabilities.

OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.

UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS com-

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patible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for theii own use.

Windows 95 & 98 (Windows 2000) are the most populai user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system.

Windows 95 requires 486 processor with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.

Vocabulary:

complex — сложный to consume — потреблять consumer [k3n'sju: m3'] — потребитель to realize — понять, осознать smart — умный decade — декада, десятилетие version [\э: Гэп] — версия

to enhance [in'hams] — увеличивать, расширять top — верх, вершина on top of DOS — «сверху», на основе ДОС are shipped — поставляются compatible — совместимый

with a click of a mouse — одним щелчком кнопки мыши

access ['aekses] — доступ

to allow — позволять

multiple users — многочисленные пользователи

simultaneously [simal'temiasli] — одновременно

to desire — желать

to ship — поставлять, доставлять

Unit 9

General understanding:

1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's?

2) Why were the first programs «complex» and «time-consuming»?

3) What are the basic functions of operating system?

4) What does the abbreviation DOS mean?

5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose was it done? Was the new operational system successful?

6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS

7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is NT DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?

8) Who is the developer of OS/2?

9) What makes UNIX so different from the other op­erational systems?

10) What are the special features of Windows 95, Win­dows 98, Windows 2000?

#* 2a. Exercise 9.1. Match the following:

1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programmes with a click of a mouse.

2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system

3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows mul­tiple users to access the system

4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs.

5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.

a) UNIX

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b)DOS

c) NT

d) OS/2

e) Windows 95

%i Exercise 9.2. Which of the listed below state­ments are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) When computers were first introduced in 40's and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.

2) The operational system controls and manages the use of the hardware and the memory.

3) There are no commands available in operating sys­tems, they are only in word processors.

4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM's PC-DOS.

5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M ran­dom access memory.

6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developed by Microsoft.

7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users simul­taneously.

8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very «friendly» and convenient interface.

is. Exercise 9.3. Translate into English:

1) Современная операционные системы контроли­руют использование системного оборудования, напри­мер, принтера и мыши.

2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные си­стемы PC-DOS и MS-DOS идентичны, с равными воз­можностями и набором системных команд.

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3) OS/2 является DOS -совместимой операционной системой, позволяющей запускать программы при по­мощи графического интерфейса пользователя.

4) Дополнительные программы для работы с уст­ройствами системного оборудования были очень слож­ны и поглощали много времени.

5) Операционная система также позволяет запус­кать программы, такие как простейший текстовый редактор.

6) DOS — наиболее распространенная операцион­ная система для персонального компьютера.

Questions for group discussion:

1) Why do you think Bill Gates, President of Micro­soft Company is one of the richest people on the Earth?

2) Judging from your experience tell if UNIX is used nowadays? What about OS/2?

3) Ask the students in your group who have experi­ence working with Windows 95 and Windows 98 about the advantages and disadvantages of these operational systems.

TextB: «WINDOWS 95»

> ■ — '■

Windows 95 is a new operational system with an easy interface based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and their types.

Windows 95 makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most everyday tasks are now easier to ac­complish than ever before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Program Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there

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is a Recycle Bin that makes it easier to recover acciden tally deleted files.

Your computer probably will crash less running Win dows 95 than it did with Windows 3.1 and 3.0 or ever DOS. Most memory related problems have been removed, Built-in networking features make it easy to reliably share files with co-workers across the room or across the world. And MS-DOS as we know it is so well hidden that you'll rarely give it a thought. Yes, you can still run DOS programs and older Windows applications but most us­ers will probably want to spend most of their time using Windows 95 applications instead.

Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we'll all think more about our data and less about the specific name-brand programs used to create them.

Window 95 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. And portable compu­ter users will like what Microsoft has done to make their lives calmer.

A new Windows shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files and other necessities. A new Find feature helps you to locate and examine the contents of files in a flash.

Most of this is accomplished without sacrificing per­formance. In fact, many things (like printing) usually happen faster now, due to 32-bit support and other Win­dows 95 advancements.

Vocabulary:

to interact — взаимодействовать to accomplish — выполнять, достигать weapon ['wepan] — оружие to replace — замещать

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Recycle Bin — корзина

to crash — ломаться, давать сбои

to remove — удалять

co-workers — коллеги, сослуживцы

rarely fresh] — редко

to plug — подключать

frequently — часто

support — поддержка

necessity — необходимость

flash — вспышка, зд. in a flash — моментально

to give smth. a thought — подумать о чем- либо

brand-name — торговая марка

calm [ka: m] — спокойный

shortcut — кратчайший путь

to sacrifice ['sasknfais] — жертвовать

advancement [sd'vainsmant] — прогресс, продвижение

General understanding:

1) What is Windows 95?

2) What new principles are used in Windows 95?

3) What is a Recycle Bin feature?

4) What problems has Windows 95 solved?

5) Is it possible to run old DOS programs under Win­dows 95?

6) What is a «plug-n-play» capability?

7) What is a «shortcut» capability?

8) What is a «Find» feature?

9) Why many things work faster now with Windows 95?

#* Exercise 9.4. Which of the listed above statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) An «icon» is graphical image that represents file and its type.