What is the invariant of the phoneme? Give your examples.

Which allophone of the phonemes [d, t] is used in the words " dry, tree"? How does it differ from the principal allophone?

Alveolar phonemes [t] and [d] are post - alveolar in conjunction with the subsequent [r] (dry, tree)

Those allophones which do not undergo any significant changes in the chain of speech (for example, when they occur in an isolated position) are called principal.

• the alveolar [t - d] become post-alveolar under the influence of the post-alveolar [r] as in tree, dry.

How can intonation show which information is new and which information is known to the listener? Give your examples.

Speaker can utter a neutral voice known information and new - a certain tone, louder voice, points to the purpose of his speech.

If the Russian student pronounces the Russian [т] instead of the English [t] is the mistake phonological or a phonetic one? What should be done to correct this mistake?

It is phonetic mistake. Need to correctly pronounce the sound.

In what word (bore-board-bought) the vowel will be the longest? The shortest? Why?

|bɔ ː |- |bɔ ː d| - |bɔ ː t| [r] is not pronounced and sound [ɔ ː ] getting longer. Alveolar (t) shortens [ɔ ː ]

What is the invariant of the phoneme? Give your examples.

The functionally relevant bundle of articulatory features is called the invariant of the phoneme. Neither of the articulatory features that form the invariant of the phoneme can be changed without affecting the meaning.

For example, the invariant of [t] consists of the following articulatory features: occlusive, forelingual and fortis. If we change the occlusive articulation for constrictive, [t] will be replaced by [s] (tea-sea; tick-sick); if we change the forelingual articulation for backlingual [t] will be replaced by [k] (bat-back; tick-kick); if the fortis articulation is changed for lenis [t] will be replaced by [d] (bet-bed; tear-bear). That is why it is possible to state that occlusive, forelingual and fortis characteristics of the phoneme [t] are generalized in the mind of the speaker into the invariant of this phoneme.

All the allophones of the phoneme [d], for instance, are occlusive, forelingual, lenis. If occlusive articulation is changed for constrictive one [d] will be replaced by [z], cf. breed— breeze, deal — zeal; [d] will be replaced by [g] if the forelingual articulation is replaced by the backlingual one, cf. dear — gear, day - gay. The lenis articulation of [d] cannot be substituted by the fortis one because it will also bring about changes in meaning, cf. dry — try, ladder— latter, bid— bit. That is why it is possible to state that occlusive, forelingual and lenis characteristics of the phoneme [d] are generalized in the mind of the speaker into what is called the invariant of this phoneme.