Ts> 5/.

— the use of the labio-dental /v, b/ instead of the bilabial /w/,

— absence of aspiration in /p, t, k/ when they occur initially,

— weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis /p, t_F k, f, s, J", tf/,

— devoicing of voiced /b, d, g, v, 3, z, g, djj/ in the terminal
position,

Questions

1. What are the mechanisms fort ha production of speech sounds?

2, What are the four main principles of consonant classification?

3, What are the differences in the second principle of consonant clas­
sification according to Soviet and foreign linguists? 4. How are the
consonants subdivided according to the third principle? 5. What are
the subgroups of the noise consonants and sonorants within the groups
of the occlusive and constrictive consonants and what is the contro­
versy about them? 6. How are the consonants subdivided according
to the noise producing foci and the shape of the narrowing? 7. What
do you know about the groups of the affricates and rolled consonants?
8. What are the principal differences in the articulation bases of the
English and Russian consonants? 9. What mistakes result from the
differences in the articulation bases of the English and Russian con­
sonants?

Exercises

1, Draw diagrams of_the four speech producing mechanisms.

2, Explain the work of the four mechanisms in the production of speech sounds,

*3. Explain the articulation of /p, t, k/ and /b, d, q/ from the viewpoint of the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.

*4. Explain the articulation of /m_t n, n/ from the point of view of the position of the soft palate.

*S. State the difference in the articulation of /b, v, f/ and the Russian /p/ from the point of view of the manner of noise production.

*6. Explain the articulation of /w, j, h/ from the viewpoint of the active organ of speech.

7. Draw figures of the position of the tip of the tongue in the articulation of the Russian hi, English /t, r/ and the Russian /p/7

*8. Explain the articulation of/s/ and lit from the viewpoint of noise producing foci.

9. Draw figures to show the position of the tongue in the production of front secondary and back secondary foci.

*10. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the aspiration of the" ini­tial /p, t, k/.

people

paper

purpose

possible

put

pence

Pity

poor

pieces

port

penny

take

time

town

ties

tennis

took

taxis

till

teachers

turned

total

toss

tin

tons

courts

cold

careful

car

cook

covered

cost

kissed

campus

curtly

cottage

currents

colour

И. Read these words. Observe the apical and cacuminal positions of the tip of the tongue in pronouncing the English it, r/ and the dorsal in pronounc­ing the Russian hi.

так

тент

тайм

ток

тел

Том

Тим

тон

тай (от таять)

туу...

тир

Тедди

Антей

Тима

течь

тик

тост

take

tent

time

talk

tell

town

Tim

ton

ties

two

tear

Teddy

take

team

teach

ticket

toast

rates

read /red/

rhyme

rock

Wren

round

rim

run

— rise

— room

— rear

— ready

— rake

— real

— reach

— ricket

— roast