Diphthongs

• Vowel # 13 /eı /
1. The letter “a” in open syllables (take)
2. The diagraphs “ai”, “ay” (main, may)
3. “ei”, “ey” (veil, grey)
4. “a” followed by “ng(e), st(e)” (change, haste)

Irregular Readings: key/ki: /, height /hait/

Proverbs & Sayings:

1. Make hey, while the sun shines.

2. Make haste slowly.

3. Haste makes waste.

4. No gains without some pains.

· Vowel # 14 /ə ʋ /

1. The letter “o” in open syllables (go, home)

2. “o” followed by “ll, ld, st” (roll, old, most)

3. “o” in word-final unstressed syllables (hero)

4. The diagraph “ow” (low, tomorrow)

5. The diagraph “oa” (boat)

Irregular Readings: now, how, cow, row (галас), brow, bow /au/

Rare Spellings: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, brooch, mould

Proverbs & Sayings:

1. As you sow, so shall mow.

2. True love never grows old.

3. When at Rome do as the Romans do.

· Vowel # 15 /aı /

1. The letters “i” and “y” in stressed open syllables. (tie, my)

2. The diagraph “igh” + “t” (light)

3. “i” + “ld, nd” (kind, child)

Rare Spellings: either, neither

Irregular Readings: wind /wind/, city, pity

Proverbs & Sayings:

1. My home is my castle.

2. Neither here, nor there.

· Vowel # 16 /aʋ /

The diagraphs “ou”, “ow” (out, town)

Rare Spellings: drought, bough, plough

Proverbs & Sayings:

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

2. Every cloud has a silver lining.

3. Actions speak louder than words.

4. To come out dry.

5. When angry, count a hundred.

· Vowel # 17 /ɔ ı /

The diagraphs “oi”, “oy” (oil, toy)

Irregular Readings: tortoise

Proverbs & Sayings:

The voice of one man is the voice of no one.

• Vowel # 18 /ı ə /

1. The letter combinations “ere” /the 4^th syllable-type/, “ear”, “eer”, “ier” (here, hear, deer, fierce)

2. The letter “e” + “r” in accented syllables (hero)

Rare Spellings: theory, museum, theatre, idea, beard, real

Irregular Readings: to bear, to wear, pear, where, there

Proverbs & Sayings:

1. Neither here nor there.

2. Experience is the best teacher.

3. To be up to the ears in love.

· Vowel # 19 /eə /

1. The letter combinations “are” / the 4^th syllable-type/ and “air” (hare, hair)

2. The letter “a” in open accented syllables followed by “r” (vary, parent)

Note: “a”+“rr” doesn’t fall under the rule: marry, parrot

Irregular Readings: are /a: /

Rare Spellings: bear, wear, tear, where, there

Proverbs & Sayings:

1. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

2. After rain comes fair weather.

3. If you run after two hares, you’ll catch neither.

· Vowel # 20 /ʋ ə /

1. The letter combination “ure” (cure)

2. The letter “u” in open accented syllables (jury)

Rare Spellings: poor, moor, tour, tourist, Europe

Irregular Readings: to bury /beri/

Proverbs & Sayings:

1. What can’t be cured must be endured.

2. Slow but sure.

3. Curiosity killed a cat.