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Changes of Pronouns
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Reported Speech: Rules of transformation
| Verb of saying in the past | connection | example | comment |
| Statement(verbs of saying: add, admit, agree, announce, answer, argue, boast, claim, comment, complain, confirm, consider, deny, doubt, estimate, explain, fear, feel, insist, mention, observe, persuade, propose, remark, remember, repeat, reply, report, reveal, say, state, suggest, suppose, tell, think, understand, warn) | that...... | “Tom went out”, he stated. He stated that Tom had gone out. | |
| Questions(verbs of saying: ask, wonder, inquire, want to know) | whether...... if..... | “Are you ready? ” he asked. He asked whether / if they were ready. | Questions requiring a yes- or no- answers: the word order is the same as in a statement. There is no " do" or " did" needed. Special questions: the word order is the same as in a statement. There is no " do" or " did" needed |
| who(subject)....... what(subject)..... | He asked “Who goes home? ” “What goes wrong? ” He wanted to know who went home / what went wrong. | ||
| who, what(object)....... where, when, why, whose, how... | “What he will do? ” they asked. They inquired him what he would do. | ||
| Orders, requests (verbs of saying: order, tell, ask, command, give instruction, instruct, advise, forbid, teach, warn, invite, beg) | to + infinitive not to + infinitive | “Go to bed! ” we told him. We told him to go to bed. “Don’t disturb me! ” she asked. She asked them not to disturb her. | No time shift The addressee should be mentioned |
Time shift
Present Indefinite > Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite > Past Perfect
Present Perfect > Past Perfect
Present Continuous > Past Continuous
Future Tenses > Future-in-the-Past Tenses
Note: Time Shift is not observed if:
1. The introductory verb is not in Simple Past (it is in either Simple Present or Simple Future or Present Perfect): " I am listening to the radio, Cindy", Ivan says. > Ivan says to Cindy (that) he is listening to the radio.
2. It is General Truth: " Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen", the lecturer said to us. > The lecturer told us (that) water consists of oxygen and hydrogen.
3. It is State of Affairs: " I will buy this house as it is in the middle of the city", Mr. Tom said. > Mr. Tom said (that) he would buy that house as it is in the middle of the city.
Changes of Adverbs of Time and Place
DIRECT > INDIRECT
now > then today > that day yesterday > the day before / the previous day
(last...) > (the... before) (... ago) > (... before) the day before yesterday > two days before
tomorrow > the day after / the following day / the next day
(next...) > (the... after) the day after tomorrow > in two days' time here > there
Changes of Pronouns
I > he/she my > his/her we > they etc.
Using " Let's"
" Let's continue our journey", he said to them > S + suggest + Gerund: He suggested continuing their journey.
S + suggest + that + S2 + (inf. / should + V1): He suggested that they continue their journey.
He suggested that they should continue their journey.