III Read the text. The Renaissance

The Renaissance style of architecture made a very timid appearance in England during the first half of the 16thcentury, and it was only from about 1550 that it became a positive stylewith local qualities. In fact, the Gothic style continued in many parts of England throughout most of the 16thcentury, and English Renaissance architecture was a very original fusion of the Tudor Gothic and classical styles. The Renaissance style really begins in England in the middle of the 16thcentury in architecture built for the circle of the Lord Protector Somerset. A typical example of the Renaissance style of England is to be found in the quadrangle that John Caius added to Gonville Hall at Cambridge. The architecture of the new court was basically Tudor Gothic, but Caius planned three gateways in connection with the court, two of which were in Italian style. The three gates were to mark the progress of the student through the university. At the entrance was the Gate of Humility (1565), a modest doorway, now in the Master's garden. The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new quadrangle, is a fine classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centered arch for the opening. Finally, the Gate of Honor (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out toward the schools for the final disputation and degree.

Теxt 4

III Read the text. Ancient Egyptians houses

The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses by present standards. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof. The roof was flat because there was very little rain in Egypt. Although their buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very beautiful. Their pyramids and monuments, sphinxes and palaces arouse our wonder to this day. An important part in the history of building has been played by the column, and it was ancient Egypt that gave the world its first lessons in the art of making columns. The Greeks learned much from Egypt. But they did not borrow the flat roof. They built a slanting roof because there was much rain in their country. The Greeks made the roof slant in two directions from the middle. They also improved on Egypt's columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column making. The Romans, in turn, learned much from the Greeks. First of all, they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. But they added the arch, thus adding much strength arid beauty to their buildings.

Теxt 5