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Japanese
ninja – ninja(s) 忍 者
Unchanged Plurals The following nouns have the same form in the Singular and in the Plural: a) sheep, deer, swine, grouse " шотландская куропатка" b) various kinds of fish: fish, pike, trout, cod, perch, salmon [sæ: mə n], etc. (e.g. a few trout, seven salmon) c) species ['spi: ∫ iz] " разновидность", series ['siə ri: z], craft " судно", means " средство", crossroads. d) names of nationalities or local groups ending in -ese, -ss, -x: Japanese, Vietnamese, Myanmarese, Swiss, Manx " житель острова Мэн", etc. (e.g. thirteen Congolese) e) the words sort, kind, manner in the expression: these sort(s) of things f) such nouns of quantity as pair, couple, dozen, score, head (of cattle) if preceded by numerals (e.g. three dozen students)
Note: Sportsmen (big-game hunters, anglers, and others) tend to use the singular for the plural - lion for lions, antelope for antelopes, etc., etc. – and to look with scorn upon those who speak of lions and antelopes. The ordinary people, unacquainted with the jargon of these very superior specialists, should not allow themselves to be intimidated by the snobs of sport. If you wish to shoot three lions or to hunt tigers, do so.
Nouns with Identical Singulars but Different Plurals (Double Plurals) brother brothers sons of the same parents brethren members of the same society genius geniuses men of genius genii [dž i: niai] fabulous spirits of the air penny pence the amount of pennies in value pennies more than one penny coin staff staffs military headquarters, workers and employee staves sticks, supports
die dies stamps for coining dice small cubes used in games shot shots discharges shot little balls discharged from a shotgun cloth cloths kinds of cloth clothes articles of dress index indexes tables of contents indices in mathematics antenna antennas in electronics antennae in biology beef beeves full-grown bulls raised for meet beefs complaints The Plural of Compound Nouns 1. If in a compound noun there is only one noun stem, put that noun in the plural: e.g. a passer-by -- passers-by a looker-on – lookers-on an Englishman – Englishmen (Note: Such words as " Norman, Roman, German" have the plurals " Normans, Romans, Germans", since they are not compounds.) 2. If in a compound noun there is no noun stem, add the suffix -s to its end: e.g. a forget-me-not – forget-me-nots a hold-all " хозяйственная сумка" – hold-alls a stand-by – stand-bys a hair-do – hair-dos 3. If in a compound noun there are more than one noun stems, put the head stem in the plural e.g. a story-teller – story-tellers a man-of-war – men-of-war an editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief a brother-in-law – brothers-in-law But: a son-of-a-bitch – sons-of-bitches, son-of-bitches 4. In some compound nouns both noun stems may be changed e.g. a woman doctor – women doctors a lord-justice " судья апелляционного суда" – lords-justices a gentleman-farmer – gentlemen-farmers 5. Some compound nouns have two plural forms: e.g. an attorney-general " министр юстиции" – attorneys-general, attorney-generals. a court-martial – courts-martial, court-martials a cousin-german – cousins-german, cousin-germans mouthful – mouthfuls, mouthsful, mouths full spoonful – spoonfuls, spoonsful, spoons full 6. One must be especially careful about French compound words. They are numerous and their pronunciation is hard to predict. Sometimes it can depend on the dictionary the word is registered in. e.g. a) aide-de-camp [eiddə 'ka: n] – aides-de-camp (same pronunciation) coup d'é tat [ku: dei'ta: ] – coups d'é tat (same pronunciation) chef d'oevre [∫ ei'də vre] -- chefs d'oevre (same pronunciation) b) nouveau riche [nu: və u 'ri: ∫ ] – nouveaux riches (same pronunciation) enfant terrible [onfante'ri: ble] – enfants terribles (same pronunciation) filet mignon [fi'lei min'jon] – filets mignons (same pronunciation) c) hors d'oevre [o: 'də v] – hors d'oevres (same pronunciation) EXERCISES
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