Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1) What are the differences between social groups and formal organisations?

2) What are von Moltke’s bureaucratic innovations? Why were they copied later by other military leaders?

3) How did Swift’s integration of diverse operations enable him to defeat his competitors?

4) What is the role of co-optation in the success of the Tennessee Valley Authority?

5) What are the three principal benefits of bureaucracy?

6) What are the five elements of Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy?

7) What are the sources of bureaucratic variation?

8) What are the differences between the adaptation model and the selection model?

9) How does formal structure differ from informal structure?

10) Why do bureaucracies often protect inept workers?

11) What are five characteristics that distinguish bureaucracies from collectivist organisations? Illustrate each with examples from Black Mountain College.

Decide which of the following statements are right and which are wrong. Give the correct variants.

1) The McDonald’s Corporation conforms to the definition of a formal organisation: a set of individuals whose activities are designed consciously and precisely for the purpose of achieving explicitly stated goals.

2) The local Japanese restaurant is not succeeding: customers are few and costs are rising. The operator notices that hot, spicy foods have become increasingly popular. He expands his menu so that it includes not only Japanese dishes but Chinese dishes as well. This action illustrates stability in the external environment.

3) Co-optation is the process of defusing potential opponents by making them part of one’s own organisational structure.

4) According to the Peter Principle workers don’t rise to their own level of incompetence.

5) Ritualism refers to the process of following rules and regulations slavishly without regard for original goals or the consequences of one’s actions.

6) Workers on the shop floor decide that their employer’s expectations for output per hour are unreasonable and impossible to satisfy. They agree among themselves that the rate of work on the assembly line should be slower in the afternoon than in the morning. This agreement illustrates co-optation.

7) Collectivist organisation is an alternative to bureaucracies and is characterised by absence of hierarchical authority, structures, a minimum of rules, informal social control, highly personal social relations, and absence of standardised criteria for advancement.