READING. A very old lady who had devoted her life to pioneer work in education once told

THE WILL TO LIVE

A very old lady who had devoted her life to pioneer work in education once told

about a dangerous illness she had suffered in her middle years. She lay hovering

between life and death, in the twilight of half-surrender, when she overheard two of

her co-workers talking just outside her hospital room. " If we could only reach her! "

one of them said passionately. " If we could only make her understand how much we

need her! " The words did reach her, and with the forces of life and death hanging in

the balance, they resurrected her will to live. In that moment of discouragement and

wavering faith, the intensity of her colleague's plea reassured her and gave her

courage to take up the struggle again. If we truly wish to live, if we have something

to live for, then the will to live becomes a powerful force in combatting illness. Within

each of us there are two strong instinctual drives, the will to live and the desire to

destroy ourselves. The powerful instinct to remain alive is bolstered by our desire to

create, to discover and to accomplish. Doctors make obeisance to it when, in a crisis

of illness, they say, " We have done all we can - now it is up to the patient."

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) give time, effort or energy for a particular

purpose

b) first in a new branch of study or particular

activity

c) be in an uncertain or unsettled situation

d) final stages; state between two other states,

with little awareness

e) make contact with

f) be between two possibilities {phrase)

g) cause to exist again or be used again

h) determination; strong desire

i) not firm or confident

j) intense, emotional request

k) calm; remove worries

I) fight to stop something happening

m) natural; not based on thought or teaching

n) encourage; support

o) respect

84 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. We can infer that when the patient heard her colleagues talking

A) it was during the early evening

B) she had virtually given up trying to stay alive

C) she realized that she had a fatal illness

D) they were not allowed to go into her hospital room

E) she had difficulty understanding them

2. The old lady

A) lost her faith after her illness

B) was the most important member of the work team

C) was unable to receive visitors when she was ill

D) had been left to die by her doctors

E) worked in new fields of study in education

3. The writer concludes that in fighting illness, it is important to

A) have friends and colleagues around you

B) be able to rely on your doctor

C) have a purpose in life

D) hear others speaking

E) have a lot of courage

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. When a person tries to commit suicide, it is often more of a for help

than an actual attempt to take one's own life.

2. We have been trying to them on the phone for the last hour, but there's

been no answer.

3. No matter how much you her, she still thinks everything will go wrong.

4. There's no point in trying to that old plan. It didn't work before, and it

won't work now.

5. She herself to various charities, for which she raises money tirelessly.

ВАРИАНТ 19

DEBATE OVER THE WORLD'S FUTURE

How many people can the earth hold? Will birth and death rates continue to

1 decline? Can food production keep pace with population growth? Can technology

I supplement or replace today's resources? What are the long-term effects of pollution

1 on health, climate, and farm production? Debate over such issues has spawned

I many volumes, as scholars look to the future with varying degrees of optimism and

1 gloom. In a lecture titled " The Terror of Change", Patricia Gulas Strauch cited three

I aspects of our future about which there is little disagreement: the speed of change

I will accelerate; the world will be increasingly complex; and nations and world issues

I will be increasingly interdependent. Today's problems - which face Third World

1 megacities in particular - cannot be ignored by developed countries. We cannot look

I to the past for solutions as there is no precedent for such growth. We are in

1 uncharted, challenging waters.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) become smaller; decrease

b) add something to

c) take something's place, instead of it

d) discussion involving different opinions

e) important subject or question causing

discussion

f) cause to happen or be created; produce in

great numbers

g) publication, e.g. a book, published articles, etc

h) person with great knowledge, usually of a

particular subject

i) belief or feeling that the future will be good

j) feeling of unhappiness or being without hope

k) way of thinking about something; part of

something's nature

I) get faster; speed up or cause to speed up

m) relying on each other

n) similar happening or occurrence that existed

previously

o) unfamiliar situations (idiom)

p) requiring effort and determination in order to

succeed

86 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. The points put forward in the lecture " The Terror of Change"

A) have changed scholars from a sense of optimism to one of gloom

B) are, for the most part, accepted

C) had not been considered by scholars previously

D) caused much debate and disagreement

E) filled several volumes

2. According to the writer, having no equivalents in the past

A) analyses formulated by experts are open to discussion

B) books on the world's problems cause a great deal of debate

C) Third World megacities are not sufficiently aided

D) modern technological developments do not meet the needs of the people

E) today's problems require new solutions

3. The outlook for the world's future

A) arouses optimism in some experts, yet pessimism in others

B) is a repetition of events which occurred in the past

C) depends entirely on technological advances made today

D) is one of overpopulation, pollution, and reduced farm production

E) shows that the population will soon exceed the earth's capacity

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. If you when you cycle down this hill, you should build up enough

speed to get up the next hill without too much effort.

2. Although we've looked at this problem in almost every one of its we

have yet to discuss the question of finance.

3. His second of poetry will come out towards the end of the month.

4. There's no point in just giving them easy exercises all the time. They need something more

if they are to make any progress.

5. You could take vitamin tablets to your diet, but increasing your intake

of fruit and vegetables would probably be better in the long run.

ELS • 87

THE IMPORTANCE OF LETTER-WRITING

The letters we write can spell the difference between making and missing an

important sale, between landing and losing a job, between a yes and a no from the

girl or boy of our dreams. A neighbor of mine recently wrote to two contractors for

bids on a concrete driveway. Here's the beginning of one reply: " Dear Mr: I

am offering you a special price because I am having a slack season now. I have

some debts to pay and this work will be a big help to me." The second began: " Dear

Mr: 1 can give you a good solid driveway with a six-inch bed of cinders and

three inches of concrete. Properly graded and drained, this should last you 20 years

without cracking." The second man got the job. Why? Because he told my neighbor

what he wanted to know, not how much good the job would do the contractor. He

followed the first principle of good letter-writing, one I've hammered at in my classes

for years: think of your reader's problems, not of your own.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) mean; have as a consequence; suggest that a

particular result will occur

b) successfully get; obtain

c) person who does a particular job, especially

building work

d) statement of the price to be charged for doing

a piece of work

e) private short road, or piece of hard ground,

leading from the public road to a house or

garage

f) period of inactivity in business, when there is

very little work to be done (phrase)

g) strong, without holes or spaces, and able to

support weight

h) small pieces of coal, wood, etc., after they have

been burnt, but not to ash

i) made as level as possible by reducing the

slope (of land)

j) made so that water can flow away; able to

become dry (after rain, etc.)

k) damage, leaving lines or splits on the surface

I) repeat forcefully; say again and again to have

an effect

88 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. A letter, according to the writer,

A) is a better way of making contact than a phone call

B) should be relevant to the reader's situation

C) is the best way to ask a girl out

D) must have correct spelling

E) should always begin with " Dear"

2. From the statement the writer makes in the passage, we can conclude that

A) the writer's neighbor is a builder

B) most people are only interested in themselves

C) the writer prefers writing to making direct contact

D) the writer is a teacher

E) it takes years to perfect the art of letter-writing

3. The main point of the passage is

A) how a good letter can affect the result

B) the best way to get driveway work done professionally

C) that it's essential to compare costs when you want work done

D) the importance of good spelling in a letter

E) never to accept the first offer you receive

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. I this cup while I was doing the washing-up, but I think it's still usable.

2. We can't award the contract for building the new factory to anyone until all the

have come in.

3. In the centre of the room, there was a huge antique table made of oak.

4. She the point into her children's heads that they were never, under any

circumstances, to go anywhere with a stranger.

5. How did someone like him, with so little experience, manage to such a

prestigious job?

ВАРИАНТ 20

THE WIND'S WITH US

A strong wind had started up, whistling and moaning through the thick leaves,

and frightening Sue and Anne. CRASH! They heard a loud smashing noise as a tree

came down in a large gust. They took refuge under the gateway of a building and

were not sure what to do. Sue doubted whether they would have the strength to

cycle all the way home. But they couldn't just go on waiting there much longer. " We'd

better go then. If we can't ride our bikes we'll just have to push them. Or perhaps

we'll be able to get a lift on a truck." Sue went out, her short hair blowing in the wind.

It was impossible to speak, so she just beckoned to Anne to start out. As they

pushed their bicycles unsteadily onto the road, Sue suddenly shouted, " Hey! The

wind's with us! " Anne got onto her bicycle. There was no need to pedal - all she had

to do was hold onto the handlebars. She felt an almost unreal sense of exhilaration,

as if she were floating through the air. " The wind's with us! " Sue shouted again, her

voice filled with surprise and elation. " Even we have the wind with us sometimes, eh? "

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) make a loud, high clear note or sound as

something moves quickly through the air

b) make a low sound, as if sad or in pain

c) sudden, very strong rush of wind

d) go to a place that is safe and provides shelter

and protection (phrase)

e) entrance through a fence, outdoor wall, etc.,

where there is a structure similar to a door

f) find someone who will take you somewhere in

their car, or other vehicle for free (phrase)

g) signal to someone by a movement of the hand

or arm

h) shakily; without complete control

i) part of a bicycle which you hold onto, used for

steering

j) strong feeling of excitement, happiness and of

being alive

k) be supported by air or water and move gently

I) great happiness and delight

90 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. We understand that

A) Sue and Anne were not far from home

B) a building was damaged when the tree was blown down

C) on this particular occasion, Sue and Anne were lucky

D) the falling tree barely missed landing on Anne and Sue

E) Sue and Anne were in a forest when the wind started

2. At first, the wind

A) blew down the tree Sue and Anne were sheltering under

B) made it impossible for Anne and Sue to hear each other

C) prevented Sue and Anne from continuing their journey

D) appeared to be with Sue and Anne

E) caused Anne and Sue to fall off their bicycles

3. From Sue's first statement - " The wind's with us! " - it's clear that

A) Sue was much braver than Anne

B) the wind was blowing in the direction they were travelling

C) the wind wasn't as strong as they'd originally thought

D) she was trying to stop Anne from becoming too frightened

E) the wind was starting to drop as they set out

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. I looked up and saw her frantically to me from across the road.

2. The injured dog was lying on the side of the road softly to itself.

3. The little boy let go of his balloon and laughed happily as it off above

the trees.

4. When the rain started to pour down, we in an old church and stayed

there until it stopped.

5. A bullet past his head, only narrowly missing him.

ELS • 91

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) the process of breaking up food in the body

b) increase; become greater

c) kept at a certain rate or level; continued

d) continuing for a long time or for longer than

expected

e) not relaxed; tense

f) without moisture; without emotion

g) inflexible; unbending; not able or not willing to

change

h) allow yourself to show or express something;

allow something to come out (phrase)

i) prevented from being expressed; held back

j) cause to happen

k) illness, often painful and long-lasting though

seemingly not serious

I) crying

m) turning round; changing to become opposite

n) collapse; strong depression

o) period or process of change from one condition

to another

p) real; true

q) urge; feeling of having to do something

92 • ELS

WEEP FOR HEALTH

Anger, fear, or the shock of sudden sorrow brings physical changes in our

bodies. The digestion is shut down, the blood pressure is raised, the heart speeds

up, and the skin becomes cold. If maintained over a prolonged period, this

emergency status makes the body - and the personality - tight, dry and rigid. In

people who are afraid to let themselves pour forth their painful emotions, doctors find

that suppressed tears can trigger such ailments as asthma, migraine headache, and

many others. Weeping, on the other hand, comes as part of the reversal of

conditions of alarm, shock and anger. Tears do not, therefore, mark a breakdown or

low point, but a transition to warmth, hope and health. So there is a genuine wisdom

in tears. In permitting ourselves to weep instead of repressing the impulse, we help

ourselves to health.

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. From the statement in the passage, we can infer that some people

A) regard crying as a weakness or failure

B) don't consult their doctors about certain ailments

C) find that migraine headaches cause them to weep

D) develop personality problems from ailments such as asthma

E) go to the doctor for emotional reasons more than for physical

2. According to the writer, not crying

A) is a common characteristic of asthmatics

B) is a sign that a person is in poor health

C) causes the digestion to shut down

D) helps us to control our feelings of shock or anger

E) can bring on many unpleasant side-effects

3. In the writer's opinion

A) people should visit their doctors in times of emotional emergency

B) we need to cry in order to recover from traumas

C) weeping can cause alarm, shock, or even anger in others

D) doctors don't do enough to help patients with emotional problems

E) crying when we feel ill is as beneficial as visiting the doctor

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. When a broken bone is treated, it needs to be supported by something

while it's mending so that it cannot move out of position.

2. The demonstration, which happened almost without warning, was by

the government's announcement that taxes are going to be increased by thirty percent.

3. I think you are wrong about her just pretending to be interested in our case. I think her

concern is

4. Ater twenty years as a teacher of indisciplined students he suffered a/an

and was unable to work again.

5. If I went shopping every time I felt the to buy something new, I'd be

absolutely broke in no time at all!

ВАРИАНТ 21

THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY j

Science and technology are getting a bad press these days. Increasingly

scornful of the materialism of our culture, some people speak about returning to a

simpler, pre-industrial, pre-scientific day. They fail to realize that the " good old days" 1

were actually horribly bad old days of ignorance, disease, slavery, and death. They I

fancy themselves in Athens, talking to Socrates or watching the latest play by

Sophocles but never as a slave brutalized in the Athenian silver mines. They

imagine themselves as medieval knights on armoured chargers but never as

starving peasants. They also ignore the fact that, before modern technology, the full I

flower of art and human intellect was reserved for the few. It was the technical

advances that brought many of the marvels of mankind to even the poorest.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) be criticized in the media (phrase)

b) feeling and showing that something deserves

no respect; showing contempt

c) lack of knowledge

d) system of people being owned by other people

and having to work for them

e) like the idea of; imagine

f) treated cruelly, violently, and inhumanely

g) of the period in history from AD 1000 to about

AD 1500

h) in the Middle Ages, a man - usually of noble

birth - who had a high military rank and served

the king in battle, and who is usually seen (in

pictures, etc.) riding a horse and dressed in a

protective metal suit

i) covered with protective metal wear

j) strong horse used by an army officer in battle,

especially by high-ranking warriors during the

Middle Ages

k) suffering or dying from hunger

I) person working on the land, often poor and

considered to be of low status

m) wonderful thing causing admiration and

surprise

94 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. In the writer's opinion, some people

A) think that the " good old days" were actually very bad

B) do not have a realistic image of the past

C) marvel at the technical advances that have been made

D) are unable to cope with the speed of advances in science and technology

E) regard the Athenians as a brutal race

2. Those who have nostalgic feelings for the past

A) usually work for the newspapers

B) are well-read in the works of Sophocles

C) would like to have lived then to help slaves and peasants

D) have not yet discovered the full flower of art and human intellect

E) criticize today's materialism

3. According to the writer, modern technology

A) makes life too complicated and materialistic

B) means there are no longer any starving peasants

C) has benefited the rich and the poor alike

D) has pushed art and human intellect aside

E) actually developed from people such as Socrates

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. Far too many people throughout the world are by the government

under which they live.

2. If you continue to be so of their efforts, they are likely to give up trying

altogether.

3. I'm sure it's his of how to behave in such situations that makes him

seem so awkward, not bad manners.

4. The Grand Canyon is one of the of North American scenery and

definitely shouldn't be missed on any trip to the USA.

5. He has always himself as a professional footballer, but he never even

played for the school team.

ELS • 95

THE TITANIC

On 15 April 1912, the Titanic - at that time the world's

largest and most luxurious ocean liner - disappeared into the icy

depths of the North Atlantic. Some 1, 500 people died - more

casualties than in any other marine disaster in peacetime

history. After striking a huge iceberg, the 46, 500-ton vessel sank in

less than three hours. Lloyd's of London, the firm which had insured the Titanic, had

reasoned that the probability of such an event was one in a million. At 11: 40 pm on

the evening of the disaster, the lookout on the Titanic's bridge saw an ominous

shape ahead. " Ice! Dead ahead! " he shouted. The helm was turned hard over and

the engines were reversed, but it was too late. A 300-foot gash was ripped along the

side of the Titanic's hull as though it were made of tin. If the lookout had not sighted

the iceberg and the helmsman not turned the wheel, the Titanic would probably have

struck the iceberg head-on. It is then likely that only the bow sections of the ship

would have been flooded and, though seriously crippled, she would have remained

afloat.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) deep, cold sea water (phrase)

b) people killed or seriously hurt in an accident

c) related to or concerning the sea

d) hit

e) ship or boat, especially a large one

f) make a contract, in which a specialized

company agrees to pay the costs if there is an

accident, damage, loss, etc.

g) make a judgement based on careful thought

h) being a sign of something bad or dangerous;

threatening

i) directly in front (phrase)

j) a lever or wheel for steering a ship

k) as far as a ship's wheel can go (phrase)

I) (be) made to move backwards

m) a deep cut

n) the main body of a ship

o) with the front parts (hitting each other)

p) the front part of a ship

q) (of something or someone) weakened or

damaged so that it or they cannot move

properly

r) on top of the water; not sinking

98 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. All of the following statements are true except that

A) more people died at sea in this incident than ever before

B) the huge vessel did not even take as many as three hours to sink

C) Lloyd's had thought the Titanic was extremely unlikely to sink

D) the Titanic sank in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean

E) the Titanic was designed as an extremely comfortable ship

2. When the lookout noticed the iceberg

A) the ship was travelling at the highest capacity

B) he took some time to inform the helmsman of the danger

C) the helmsman were trying to put the ship into reverse gear

D) it was dangerously close to the side of the hull

E) it was already too late to prevent the strike

3. The author implies that it would probably have been better if

A) Lloyd's of London hadn't insured the Titanic

B) the ship had been almost completely flooded

C) the Titanic hadn't been so large and luxurious

D) the iceberg hadn't been seen before the accident

E) the ship had not taken more than three hours to sink

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. The child fell on an old piece of metal which was hidden in the grass, and got a nasty

in his knee.

2. Although it's quite expensive, I always keep the contents of my flat

against fire and theft.

3. The young girl in the wheelchair over there was in a motorbike

accident several years ago and hasn't been able to walk ever since.

4. There was a/an silence when Lynne asked her boss, who was having

a hard time in business, if her job was secure, and she realized she'd better start preparing

her resume and looking for new employment.

5. Jake took the kids to the aquarium to see the fish and other creatures.

ВАРИАНТ 22

WHERE NEW PRODUCTS COME FROM

Akio Morita, the chairman of Sony Corporation in Japan, wanted a radio he

could carry with him and listen to wherever he went. From that small desire was

born the Sony Walkman, a radio small enough to be worn on a belt or carried in a

pocket. Not all product development, however, is so easy. Most of today's products,

including many of the basic necessities of food, clothing and shelter, are the result of

creative research and thinking by staff. A new product is one that is new for the

company that makes it. A hamburger, for example, is not new, but when McDonald's

introduced the Big Mac, it was a new product for that company. Decisions to make a

new product can be the result of technology and scientific discovery, but the

discovery can be either accidental or sought for. The original punch-card dataprocessing

machine was devised specifically for use by the Bureau of the Census.

Penicillin, by contrast, was an accidental discovery and is now one of the most

useful antibiotics. Products today are often the result of extensive market research to

learn what consumers and retailers want.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) a strong wish

b) the simplest and most important things that

everybody needs (two words)

c) a building that protects one from bad weather

d) having the ability to produce new and original

ideas or things

e) the group of people who do the work of an

organization

f) the action of finding something for the first time

g) happening by chance, not by plan or intention

h) (be) looked for

i) a card with holes in particular positions to

represent data or information

j) relating to one area

k) covering a large area; large in amount

I) the activity of collecting and analyzing

information about what people need and want

to buy {phrase)

m) a person who buys goods or uses services

n) a person who buys goods from the

manufacturer and sells to the public

100 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. In the passage, the Sony Walkman is referred to as

A) the creation of a large marketing research team

B) an example of uncomplicated product development

C) superior to all similar devices produced afterwards

D) something produced in response to in-depth market research

E) a product invented by Akio Morita, the chairman of Sony

2. When the Big Mac was first introduced, it was

A) the first hamburger ever to be put on the market

B) the result of technical and scientific development

C) the result of an accidental discovery at McDonald's

D) a known item but a fresh product for McDonald's

E) the first product ever produced by McDonald's

3. A new product nowadays

A) must be something completely new to the consumer

B) is always the result of creativity and invention

C) is usually produced in response to consumer demand

D) should be manufactured in large quantities to meet the huge demand

E) is more often created or discovered by accident

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. Luck is a very important part of success - a/an meeting at a party or at

a friend's house has been known to lead to a new career or even to marriage.

2. Sarah has a fantastic apartment in downtown New York, but she's not really happy because

she's always had a/an to live in the countryside.

3. Alex is a very interesting person to talk to because he has a/an

knowledge of the history of London - there's really very little he doesn't know about the city

and its past.

4. Copernicus revolutionized the way people thought about the solar system with his

that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, and that the

Earth, in fact, was not the centre of the universe.

5. Picasso's new and original way of painting illustrated his genius.

ВАРИАНТ 23

HOW TO TREAT FROSTBITE

Frostbite is a common injury in winter weather, particularly when low

temperatures are combined with wind. The nose, ears, fingers, toes, and chin are

the most susceptible. The involved part begins to tingle or hurt mildly and then

becomes numb. Frozen tissue usually ranges from distinctly white in light-skinned

people to ashen grey in dark-skinned people. Here are some tips to help rescue

someone with frostbite:

1. Remove the person from the cold as soon as possible.

2. Every effort should be made to protect the frozen part. If there is a chance

that the part might refreeze before reaching medical care, it may be more harmful to

thaw it and let it refreeze than to await arrival at the treatment area for thawing.

3. Rapid rewarming is essential. Do not rub the injured part as friction may

cause further damage. Use lukewarm water or use warmed blankets. Within about

30 minutes, sensation may return to the part, which may become red, swollen, and

painful.

4. When the part is warm, keep it dry and clean. If blisters appear, use sterile

dressings.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) harm or damage to the body

b) (be) joined together

c) likely to suffer from something; sensitive

d) have a slight prickly, stinging feeling

e) having no feeling

f) a mass of cells which makes up a particular

organ or part of the body

g) unfreeze

h) very important; completely necessary

i) apply pressure with a backwards-and-forwards

or circular movement of the hand

j) the force between two surfaces

k) not very hot

I) a thick covering used especially on beds to

keep one warm

m) feeling

n) bigger than usual (usually for parts of the

body)

o) a painful, watery bump under the skin

p) a covering for a cut or wound

102 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. We learn from the passage that frostbite

A) is extremely painful from the moment it sets in

B) only affects the nose, ears, fingers, toes, and chin

C) is usually only slightly painful at the beginning

D) is the most common injury in winter

E) may occur anywhere and in any weather conditions

2. According to the passage, if you encounter someone with frostbite, first of all, you

should

A) massage the frozen body part gently

B) unfreeze the affected part immediately

C) wrap the affected part in sterile bandages

D) warm the patient as quickly as possible

E) use water as hot as the patient can bear

3. From the information given in the passage, we understand that the frozen body part......

A) is lost in most cases

B) loses sensation

C) becomes red

D) has a bumpy appearance

E) should be rubbed for rapid rewarming

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. Before the dentist starts working on your teeth, he gives you an injection which makes your

mouth so that you don't feel any pain.

2. Kathy sprained her wrist and it became so that she couldn't wear her

watch on that wrist because the strap was too small.

3. According to one study, pet owners are less to colds and headaches

than people who don't have animals. Scientists think this is because pets help relieve stress,

which is a major cause of illness.

4. Parachuting is an amazing experience - the of falling from 3000

metres above the Earth at 200 kilometres per hour is hard to describe.

5. It is to have a valid passport if you want to travel abroad.

ELS • 103

UNFAIRNESS TO THE PIG

Few animals have such economic significance to mankind yet suffer from such

a deplorable image as does the pig. As a domestic animal, it is a source of a wide

variety of meats, high-quality leather, durable bristles for many kinds of brushes, and

hundreds of medical products. At the same time, the pig is

frequently regarded as unclean and even untouchable by many

people. In spite of their reputation, pigs are neither filthy nor

stupid. Because their sweat glands are relatively ineffective in

lowering body temperature, pigs seek relief from the heat by

wallowing in mud or shallow waterholes. When provided with?

a clean environment sheltered from the sun, however, pigs

are fastidious. Furthermore, in tests of intelligence, pigs

have proved to be among the smartest of all domestic

animals - even more intelligent than dogs.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) the state of not being reasonable or justifiable

b) the state or quality of being important

c) very bad; unfortunate

d) the concept, or generalized idea, of a thing

held by the general public

e) (of animals) tame

f) that from which something comes into

existence or develops

g) lasting in spite of hard wear or frequent use

h) character - in the view of the general public

i) very dirty; disgusting

j) as compared with something else

k) try to find

I) an easing of pain, discomfort, etc.

m) roll around

n) not deep

o) place where water gathers and from which

animals drink water

p) excessively concerned about cleanliness;

overly fussy

104 • ELS

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. The author of the passage points out that

A) the consumption of pork products is not very safe for health concerns

B) though dirty, the pig is not too fiKhy to be touched

C) pigs supply humans with very many types of products

D) although the meat is unsafe, pigs can be a source of leather and brushes

E) pigs are too unclean to be used in medical experiments

2. According to the facts in the passage, when pigs are provided with the right conditions,

A) the quality of the pork meat is improved

B) pigs are still extremely dirty

C) pigs like to keep themselves clean

D) bristles obtained from them for brushes are of better quality

E) pigs can be raised commercially

3. It is emphasized in the passage that the pig's reputation as a filthy and stupid animal

A) does not at all reflect the truth

B) is wholly justified

C) is actually a result of the stupidity and ignorance of people

D) is only right to a certain extent

E) decreases the demand for its products

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. Mrs. Pollywinkle was in her daily cleaning routine. All ornaments were

removed from the shelves and carefully dusted, individually, with her feather duster.

2. The only she got from the pain in her back was when she rubbed a

mixture of pure lavender oil and almond oil carefully into the base of her spine. The pain

would then subside for an hour or two.

3. We have been a replacement for the head gardener for two months

now, but all the applicants have been either too young or not experienced enough for such a

large ornamental garden.

4. Cashmere goats are the of the fine wool cashmere, which is used for

making expensive shawls, sweaters and cardigans.

5. The people have of Arabs is of a people living in tents and riding

camels, but actually nearly all of them live in apartments and use cars or buses.