Pilgrims

Another extremely important event in the colonization of the New World by the English was a dangerous voyage made across the Atlantic Ocean by a small group of English men and women in 1620. These people had chosen to leave their native country and try to live in an unexplored land in spite of all the horrible stories they had heard about it, because their life in England under King James the First was unbearable.

Unit three

The reasons were purely religious. These people disagreed with the cus­toms and teachings of the Church of England, established by King Henry the Eighth (the father of Queen Elizabeth the First) and were severely persecuted for their ideas. They wanted the Church of England to become more simple, or 'pure'. Because of this they were called Puritans.

In many ways the Puritans can be considered the followers of their Europe­an predecessors, the Protestants. The name comes from the verb 'to protest'. The founders of the protest against the Roman Catholic Church with the Pope of Rome at its head were a German monk Martin Luther and a French lawyer John Calvin. They both at slightly different times and in different countries de­clared that believers did not need the Pope of Rome or the priests of the Catho­lic Church to enable them to speak to God. They were angry at the wealth and the power of the Vatican. The Puritans of England had similar ideas.

The small group that sailed to the New World in 1620 came to be called Pil­grims (i.e. people who travel to holy places for religious reasons) because they went to America to find religious freedom. Americans call them Pilgrim Fathers and up to this day see them as the most important among the founders of the future United States of America.

It took the Pilgrims 65 days to reach a sandy piece of land in what is now the state of Massachusetts, but then was named by the settlers Plymouth.

The Pilgrims' chances of surviving were not high. The frozen ground and deep snow made it difficult for them to build houses. They did not have enough food. Before spring came, half of the little group of a hundred settlers had died. But the Pilgrims did not give in. They were determined to succeed. Unlike other European settlers, they were wise enough to establish friendly relations with the natives. Indians, who taught them how to fish and hunt, gave them seed corn and showed them how to plant it. In November 1621 the English settlers and the Indians sat down to eat together and give thanks to God for enabling them to survive the hardships of their first year in America.

It was a special time of friendship between two very different groups of people. It would be very good to say that this friendship lasted a long time, but unfortunately, it didn't. More English people came to America, and they were not in need of the Indians' help as were the Pilgrims, and within a few years the children of the people who ate together at the first Thanksgiving were killing one another in cruel wars. It is sad to think that this happened, but it is important to understand all of the story and not just the happy part.

Today Thanksgiving is celebrated each year in remembrance of the first Thanksgiving dinner.

Name

John Rolfe [(feDn rolf]

Part 2

New Words

succeed [sak'si: d] v достигать цели, преуспевать (in), иметь успех survive [ss'vaiv] v выжить, выживать in spite of несмотря на

syn. despite

recruit [n'kru: t] v, n нанимать (людей на работу), наемный работник profit ['profit] л прибыль explorer [iks'pb: ra] л исследователь

explore v исследовать permanently ['рз: тэпэпШ] adv постоянно

permanent adj постоянный be at war быть в состоянии войны, воевать starvation [stoj'veijan] л голод

starve v голодать disease [di'zi: z] л болезнь slave [sleiv] л раб

slavery f'slervan] л рабство liquidate f'likwideit] (/ликвидировать tough [Uf] adj крепкий, упрямый

persecute ['p3: sikju: t] v преследовать, подвергать гонениям predecessor ['pri: dises3] л предшественник protest ['prautest] л протест

protest [pr9'test] опротестовать monk [тлпк] п монах priest [pri: st] n священник

enable fi'neibl] v давать возможность, делать возможным wealth [welO] л богатство give in (phrasal verb) сдаваться, сдаться be determined [di't3: mmd] быть решительно настроенным seed corn [si: d ko: n] семена кукурузы

corn (Am.), maize (Br.) кукуруза in remembrance [in n'membrsns] в память Thanksgiving [, 9«nks'givin] День благодарения

EXERCISES

1. The words in these questions are jumbled. Put them in the correct order and answer the questions.

1. Queen Elizabeth / When / die / did?

2. Jamestown expedition / by / Who / the / financed / was?

Unit three

3. the / to / begin / first / did / of / Why / starvation / die / settlers?

4. women / How / were / many / in / wives / as / 1619 / shipped over /
of / colonists / the?

5. discovered / milder / of / tobacco / way / Who / a / leaves / new /
making?

2. Find English equivalents in the text for the following (you may think of better Russian translations).

1. Первая английская колония, которой удалось выжить, несмотря на
тяжелые условия жизни...

2....управляющие компании, прежде всего, хотели, чтобы они нашли
золото и принесли их капиталовложениям быструю прибыль.

3. Было бы справедливо отметить...

4. Как путешественники и исследователи они были очень неопытны
и совершили много серьезных ошибок.

5. В результате...

6....должны были заплатить компании «лучшего табачного листа ве­
сом 120 фунтов».

7....которые обещали работать на своих работодателей определен­
ное время в обмен на еду и одежду.

8....хотя это было за годы до того, как этот факт был открыто при­
знан.

9. Она обернулась полным провалом, и английское правительство
ликвидировало ее, взяв на себя финансовую ответственность за
колонистов Вирджинии.

10. На родине эти ранние годы XVII века были временем нищеты и не­
взгод.

11. Причины были исключительно религиозными.

12. Во многом пуритане могут считаться последователями их евро­
пейских предшественников - протестантов.

13....стали называться пилигримами, поскольку эти люди приехали
в Америку в поисках религиозных свобод.

14. У них ушло 65 дней на то, чтобы...

15. Еще до наступления весны умерла половина из небольшой группы
поселенцев, состоявшей первоначально из ста человек.

16. Они были полны решимости достичь успеха.

17....возблагодарить Бога за то, что он дал им возможность пережить
невзгоды их первого года в Америке.

18....и они не нуждались в помощи индейцев так, как нуждались в ней
пилигримы.

19....всю историю, а не только ее счастливую часть.

Part 2

VOCABULARY

Read and translate these sentences into Russian so as to have a better idea of how these words can be used.

succeed v, successive adj, successor n

1. 'To succeed in doing' something means to achieve something you
have been aiming for, to have the desired result after a lot of effort
you've put in.

e.g. She's been working at (on) her thesis for several years and has finally succeeded in finishing it.

2. 'To succeed in doing' something implies more hard work and time than
'to manage to do' something, though both words are close synonyms.

3. Another meaning of 'succeed' is 'to take over / to follow',
e.g. He succeeded his father as Director General.

4. Elizabeth the First succeeded her father on the throne.

5. To succeed as / in' means to achieve success in a career.

e.g. He succeeded as a writer / an actor / a playwright / in business / in his career, etc.

6. To succeed' also means to be successful, not to be a failure,
e.g. The attempt succeeded, and everybody was happy.

7. 'Successive' means following each other closely,
e.g. It happened on two successive days.

8. Mr Bennett's successor as chairman takes over next week.

survive v, survival n, survivor n

1. Very few people survived the earthquake. (= There were very few
survivors after the earthquake.)

2. He survived most of his contemporaries.

3. " Don't worry, he'll survive, " said the doctor.

4. Surprisingly enough, this custom still survives.

5. The custom is a survival of the past.

in spite of, despite prep

1. Despite the cold wind, we enjoyed skiing (= In spite of the cold
wind...)

2. In spite of the rain we went out. (= Despite the rain...)

3. He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous
breakfast. (=...in spite of having eaten...)

recruit v, n, recruitment n

1. We are having difficulty recruiting enough properly qualified staff.

2. I recruited two of my friends to help me move the furniture.

Unit three

3. Most men in the village were recruited that day.

4. My daughter-in-law works for a recruitment agency as a headhunter.

5. They were raw recruits (=...completely untrained).

profit n, profitable adj

1. A profit is money, which is earned in trade or business.

2. You don't expect to make much profit within the first couple of years
after setting the company.

3. His small business turned out to be quite profitable.

explore v, explorer n, exploration n

1. The problem is still being explored.

2. We are exploring all the possibilities of making the project profitable.

3. Magellan was a famous sixteenth-century explorer.

4. In recent years several countries have succeeded in exploring space.

5. We need to carry out a full exploration (examination) of all the
alternatives.

6. Livingstone was the first European to make an exploration of the
Zambezy river.

starve v, starvation n, hunger n, famine n

1. From looking at and talking to former prisoners of war, it was obvious
that they had been starved.

2. Unlike 'starvation', which is an unnatural state of not having enough
food to eat and become very weak or die because of it, 'hunger' is a
natural state of wanting to eat some food.

e.g. I'm dying of hunger. Let's go and have a meal.

3. Humorously, people often say: " I'm starving! "

4. 'Famine' is a longer period of starvation,
e.g. famine years.

disease n

1. A disease is a serious illness of people, animals, plants, etc, caused by
infection or a failure of health.

2. Starvation and disease killed lots of first Europeans in the New World.

slave n, slavery n, serf n, serfdom n

1. There used to be slaves in America. In Russia there used to be serfs.

2. Progressive people in both America and Russia used to fight against
laws allowing certain privileged groups of people to own other human
beings.

3. Serfdom was abolished (liquidated) in Russia in 1861 by Czar Alexander
the Second.

Part 2

tough adj

1. These plants are not tough enough to survive outside in winter.

2. You have to be tough to succeed in politics.

3. Tough measures need to be taken to protect the environment.

4. There is tough competition in the oil market.

5. Isn't he a tough guy!

persecute v, persecutor n, persecution n

1. To persecute' means to treat somebody unfairly or cruelly over a long
period of time because of their race, religion, political beliefs, etc.

2. Christians were persecuted by the Romans.

3. He decided to emigrate because of political persecution.

4. His persecutors wouldn't leave him alone, and this caused his serious
mental illness.

Don't mix up!

to persecute ['p3: sikju: t] v преследовать

to prosecute ['prgsikjut] v преследовать по суду

To 'prosecute' means to take the matter to the court of law.

a persecutor - преследователь

a prosecutor (law) - обвинитель, прокурор

persecution - преследование, гонение

prosecution - судебное разбирательство

pursue v, pursuit л, pursuer л

1. To pursue' means to follow in order to catch, kill or defeat.

2. The police car raced through the street in pursuit of another car.

3. The wolf ran much quicker than its pursuers.

predecessor л

ant. successor

1. Unlike his predecessor, the present prime minister supports closer
political ties with Europe.

2. The latest Toyota is not only faster than its predecessors but also is
more comfortable.

enable v

1. Please, let us know what kind of innovations you would like us to imple­
ment, so as to enable us to fulfill your order as soon as possible.

2. Computerisation should enable us to cut production costs by half.

wealth n, wealthy adj

1. Health is better than wealth.

Unit three

2. " Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise."
(B. Franklin)

3. His wealth was immeasurable.

determine v, determination n

1. The Commander-in-Chief's strategy and tactics determined the
outcome of the battle.

2. It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether the man is
innocent or guilty.

3. I'm determined to get this piece of work finished today.

4. She was admired for her dogged (= very strong) determination to
succed in business.

Remember!

Some English words are formed by a change of stress:

protest ['prautest] n to protest [prau'test] v

insult ['insAlt] л to insult [m'sAlt] v

increase ['mkri: s] n to increase [m'kri: s] v

record ['reko: d] n to record [n'ko: d] v

export ['ekspo: t] n to export [iks'po: t] v

import ['impo: t] n to import [im'po: t] v

desert ['dezst] n to desert [di'z3: t] v

GRAMMAR

4. Do you agree with the following statements? Say 'Yes' or 'No' and prove your answer with the statement from the text.

E < ample A Dutch ship didn't arrive at Jamestown port, did it?

Yes, it did. It arrived at Jamestown port in August 1619.

1. It didn't bring black Africans, did it?

2. These people didn't become slaves, did they?

3. The Virginia Company never made a profit, did it?

4. The Virginia Company turned out to be a failure, didn't it?

5. The liquidation of the Virginia Company didn't make the colonists' life
in America much easier, did it?

6. There were very few of the colonists who survived, weren't there?

7. The early years of the 17^th century in England weren't a time of poverty
and hardships, were they?

8. The main attraction for a poor man was a piece of land for a farm,
wasn't it?

Part 2

9. The existence of slavery was immediately admitted by the Americans, wasn't it?

In spite of, despite (без предлога of!) - несмотря на Слово 'despite' свойственно более формальному стилю. После 'in spite of и 'despite' следует употреблять:

— существительное

We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) the bad weather.

— герундий

We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) staying in a cheap hotel.

— предложение, начинающееся с 'the fact that' + подлежащее + ска­
зуемое (более формальный стиль)

We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) the fact that the accommoda­tion was not good enough. Though, although, even though - хотя Слово 'although' свойственно более формальному стилю. После 'though', 'although' и 'even though' следует употреблять при­даточное предложение с подлежащим и сказуемым. We enjoyed our holiday though / although / even though the weather was bad.

5. Complete the sentences in a logical way.

1. I'm going to do this exercise even though...

2. Despite studying all day long...

3. Although the lecturer spoke very quickly...

4. In spite of starvation and diseases...

5. Though I had already read this story...

6. In spite of the heavy traffic...

7. Even though we've known each other for a long time...

8. In spite of the fact he had all the necessary qualifications...

9. Although we have been living in the same street...
10. In spite of being very busy...

6. Complete the sentences choosing the words from the box. There are some
examples where two variants are possible. What are they?

who, which, that, whose

1. A Viking sailor from Iceland,... name was Leif Eriksson, is believed to
be one of the first sailors... reached America.

2. The colony,... was founded by John White, went down in history as 'the
lost colony'.

Unit three

3. The names of North and South America were given to these lands in
honour of an Italian sailor... name was Amerigo Vespucci.

4. Amerigo Vespucci wrote a few letters in... he described the voyages
he had made along the coasts of South America and he proved that the
lands were a new continent.

5. Columbus called the native people... were living in America at that time
'Indians', because he thought that he had reached India.

6. Columbus never realized that he had discovered a continent... lies
between Europe and Asia.

7. The slaves,... had been brought to America, were forced to work on
farms... produced cotton, tobacco and rice.

8. A young settler,... name was John Rolfe, discovered a new way of
making tobacco leaves milder.

9. In August 1619 a small Dutch warship... brought 20 black Africans
arrived at Jamestown port.

10. Pilgrims sailed from England on a ship... was called Mayflower.

11. The Pilgrims,... chances of surviving were not high, had to learn how
to farm and fish.

Fill in the spaces with the words from the box.

bear, imply, comprise, avoid, rely, entertain, appreciate, obey, comment, demand, belong, permit

1.1 wonder why you... speaking to them about your problems.

2. I... on your word.

3. The security system will not... you to enter without the correct
password.

4. He used to... us for hours with his stories.

5. I... to see the manager.

6. Who does this file... to?

7. " You are supposed to... my orders, " the commander said to the
soldiers.

8. What do you... by that?

9. Young specialists... about 50 per cent of the whole staff.

10. Few people can... rudeness.

11. The boss refused to... on the matter.

12. You can't... English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.

Phrasal verbs with 'give'

give in - surrender (сдаться) give... back- return (возвратить)

Part 2

give... out - distribute (раздать)

give... up - stop doing (бросить, отказаться навсегда)

8. Translate the following into English using the phrasal verbs with 'give'.

1. Он часто цитировал Марка Твена, который сказал: «Бросить курить
нетрудно - я делал это много раз!»

2. Учитель попросил его раздать студентам копии контрольных
работ.

3. Его отец научил его не сдаваться даже в трудных ситуациях.

9. Read the story, try to guess the meanings of the words you don't know
and fill in the gaps with the correct form of phrasal verbs.

go down as, turn out, go back, give in, go on

Pocahontas*

The Jamestown colonists obeyed the Vir­ginia Company's order to search for gold. By doing so they hoped to become rich them­selves. But digging gold, washing it and loading it was not an easy job to do. The first settlers, however, were full of determination not to.... They... working in spite of starvation and cruel diseases. The most courageous and deter­mined of the explorers was Captain John Smith. If he hadn't organized the colonists and made them work, the settlement would have died out to the last man.

When all the food supplies had run out, Captain Smith went into the forest to

get some food from the Indians. But that particular tribe... to be unfriendly. They took John prisoner and were going to kill him when quite unexpectedly a twelve-year old girl ran out of the crowd watching the execution and shielded him with her own body. Her name was Pocahontas. The sight of a man who was going to be murdered without being able to defend himself (his rifle had been taken away from him, of course) was unbearable to her. The other people didn't dare do the prisoner any harm because Pocahontas was the daughter of the tribe's chief.

* Pocahontas // O'Callaghan B. An Illustrated History of the USA. Longman, 1994.

Unit three

Pocahontas... in history... a godsend to the English settlers. She supplied them with food and in this way saved them from famine and diseases.

Five years later, when Pocahontas was already 17 years old she married John Rolfe, a tobacco planter. Rolfe is known to have been one of the few suc­cessful British settlers in the New World. He was the first to discover a method of drying tobacco leaves, which made them milder. In 1613 he shipped the first load of Virginia tobacco to England where he was paid high prices, because the excellent quality of his tobacco was highly appreciated by British merchants.

In 1616 Rolfe took his Indian wife to England where she was presented at court to King James the First, and a portrait of her was made by an English painter. She would have returned to America with her husband and a newborn baby named Thomas, if she hadn't caught smallpox and died in 1617. When Thomas Rolfe grew up, he... to Virginia. Quite a few Virginians today claim to be descended from Thomas Rolfe and so from Pocahontas. There is a well-known Disney cartoon film made in remembrance of that remarkable woman.

10. Retell the story about Pocahontas. 1. Complete the following sentences.

1. If the first settlers hadn't been full of determination to survive, they...

2. John Smith wouldn't have gone to the forest, if all the food supplies...

3. If Pocahontas hadn't shielded John Smith with her body, he...

4. Pocahontas's orders wouldn't have been obeyed, if she...

5. If Pocahontas hadn't supplied the settlers with food, they...

6. If Rolfe hadn't discovered a new method of drying tobacco leaves...

7. If Pocahontas hadn't come to England, she...

8. She would have returned to America with her husband and son, if she...

1 2. Questions for discussion.

1. Have you seen any historical films recently?

2. Can you remember a film that impressed you most? Tell us what the
film was about, what historical events it was based on. You can use the
following expressions:

• The film is called...

• The story takes place in...

• The film is about...

• It's a screen version of a famous novel called...

• I enjoyed the costumes, the battle scenes, the visual effects, etc.)...

^^ 13. Write a composition about the historical film you like best. Describe what happens in the film and give your opinion of it.

Parti

Music is the universal language of mankind. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), American poet